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FLORA 


Vicinity  of  San   Francisco, 


By 

H.  H.  BEHR,  M.  D. 


SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL., 
1888. 


a 


The  territory  to  which  this  book  applies  extends 
from  Sonoma  to  Santa  Clara,  and  from  Niles  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Since  the  year  1884,  when  the  Synopsis  of  Genera 
was  published,  there  have  been  added  several 
genera,  which  up  to  that  time  had  escaped  obser- 
vation. Continued  investigations  will  lead  perhaps 
to  the  discovery  of  some  more;  certainly,  they  will 
lead  to  the  addition  of  species  hitherto  unobserved 
in  the  territory.  I  have  followed  as  much  as  pos- 
sible the  admirable  work  of  Asa  Gray  and  Sereno 
Watson  "  Botany  of  California/'  and  from  their 
views  I  have  deviated  only  when  opportunities 
for  studying  the  plants  from  specimens  growing  on 
the  spot  afforded  to  me.  ample  grounds  for  a  view 
differing  from  that  expressed  by  recognized  au- 
thorities. 

As  to  many  of  the  species  characterized  in  this 
book,  there  exists  still  a  considerable  degree  of 
uncertainty.  Many  of  our  Californian  species  split 
into  numerous  variations,  which  mingle  frequently 
with  variations  of  related,  equally  variable  species. 
Some  of  these  variations  owe  their  existence  to  hy- 
bridization; and  this  circumstance  is  probably  the 
reason  why  several  species  described  and  charac- 
terized by  different  authors  have  not  been  found 

117646 


(4) 

again.     In  annuals  such  spurious  species  will  only 
reappear  occasionally. 

Questionable  types  can  be  investigated  only  by 
cultivation.  Up  to  this  time  California  does  not 
possess  a  botanical  garden  or  experimental  grounds 
where  such  questions  could  be  definitely  settled. 
Therefore  the  solution  of  many  problems  has  been 
left  entirely  to  enthusiasts  who  utilize  their  leisure 
hours  in  the  cultivation  of  doubtful  species,  fre- 
quently under  great  difficulties. 

Owing  to  these  circumstances,  there  is  scarcely 
an  author  writing  on  our  Flora  who  has  not  been 
compelled  to  frequently  change  or  correct  his  pre- 
vious views,  and  I  hope  the  present  author  will  be 
excused  if  in  future  times  investigations  shall  lead 
him  to  add  to,  or  to  retract,  some  of  his  state- 
ments. 

H.  H.  BEHR,  M.  D. 


LINN^AN    KEY. 


MONANDRIA, 

I.    Monogynia, 

1.  Acsena. — Calyx  lobes  valvate.    Style  ter- 
minal.    Akene  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 

2.  Hippuris. — Calyx  superior.     Aquatic. 

n,    Digyni  %  Trigynia  and  Tetragynia, 

1.  Acaena. — Calyx   lobes   valvate.     Akenes 
enclosed  in  the  calyx.     Styles  of  akenes 
terminal. 

2.  Callitriche. — Fruit    a  4-coccous  schizo- 
carp.     Aquatic. 

3.  Chenopodium. — Perigonium  3-5-parted. 
Fruit  a  utricle  enclosed  in  the  persistent 
perigonium. 

4.  Festuca. — Glumaceous. 

5.  Cyperus. — Glumaceous,  trigynous. 

DIANDRIA. 
I,    Monogynia, 
A.     Floral  parts  incomplete,  inferior. 

1.  Salicornia. — Perigonium  gamosepalous, 
opening  by  a  slit  and  immersed  in  an  ex- 
cavation of  the  rachis. 


(6) 

2.  Lemna. — Perigonium  compressed,  grow- 

ing   out    of    the    margin  of  a   thallus. 
Aquatic. 

3.  Scirpus. — Glumaceous.    Spikelets  imbri- 
cate  from    all    sides.     Inferior    glumae 
(1-2)  sterile,  but  not  smaller  than  the 
rest.     Perigonial  bristles  not  exserted. 
Fruit,  a  nutlet,  apiculate  by  the  persist- 
ent base  of  the  style.     Aquatic. 

4.  Fraxinus. — Ovary      2-celled,     laterally 
compressed.     Fruit,   a   samara,      Tree. 

5.  Acaena. — Perigonium  lobes  valvate.  Fruit 
an   akene   enclosed  in  the  perigonium. 
Style  terminal. 

6.  Alchemilla. — Perigonium  urceolate,  brac- 

teolate,  not  spinose.    Akene  enclosed  in 
the  perigonium.     Style  lateral. 

B.  Floral  parts  complete,  inferior,  regular. 

1.  Fraxinus. — Fruit,  a  samara.     Tree. 

2.  Lepidium. — Fruit,    a    silicula,  laterally 
compressed. 

C.  Floral  parts  complete,  inferior,  irregular. 

a.     Ovary  entire. 

1.  Veronica. — Calyx  herbaceous  4-parted. 
Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit,  an  emargmate 
capsule.  Leaves  opposite. 


(7) 

2.  Synthyris. — Calyx    herbaceous,    4-part- 
ed.     Ovary  2-celled. 

3.  Cordylanthus. — Calyx     spathaceous,    1- 
sepalous.     Ovary  2-celled. 

4.  (Jtricularia. — Ovary  1-celled,  centrosper- 
mous. 

b.     Ovary  divided  into  4  partitions. 

1.  Lycopus. — Anthers  2-celled.     Cells  par- 

allel.    Aquatic. 

2.  Salvia.  —  Anthers    1-celled.      Filament 
with  a  lateral  branch,  geniculate. 

3.  Audibertia. — Anthers     1-celled.       Fila- 
ment without  lateral  branch  or  spur. 

4.  Acanthomintha. — Stamens     ascending. 
Anthers  2-celled.     Cells  divaricate.     A 
pair  of  staminodia  indicating  the  place 
of  the  upper  pair  of  stamens. 

II,    Digynia,  Trigynia  and  Tetragynia. 

1.  Acaena. — Calyx  lobes  valvate,  tube  spin- 
ose.    Fruit,  akenes  enclosed  in  the  calyx. 
Styles  terminal. 

2.  Alchemilla. — Calyx    urceolate,   bracteo- 
late,  not  spinose.  Fruit,  akenes  enclosed 
in  the  calyx. 

3.  Chenopodium. — Perigonium  3-5-parted, 
not  appendiculate.     Fruit  a  compressed 
utricle,  inclosed  in  the  perigonium. 

4.  Festuca. — Glumaceous. 


(8) 

TBIANDBIA. 
I,    Monogynia. 

A.  Floral  parts  complete,  superior. 

1.     Plectritis. — Limb  of  calyx  obsolete.    Co- 
rolla gamopetalous,  calcarate. 

B.  Floral  parts  complete,  inferior. 

1.     Montia. — Calyx  2-sepalous.   Corolla  cleft 
on  one  side,  5-parted. 

C.  Floral  parts  incomplete. 

a.  Perigonium  petaloid. 

1.  Iris. — Perigonium    6-parted,    superior, 
alternate  lobes  reflexed. 

2.  Scoliopus.— Perigonium  6-sepalous  infe- 

rior, alternate  lobes  reflexed. 

3.  Brodiaea.  — Perigonium    6-parted.    infe- 
rior.    Stamens  alternating  with  stamino- 
dia. 

b.  Perigonium  herbaceous. 

1.  Acsena. — Calyx  lobes  valvate,  tube  spi- 

nose.     Fruit  an  akene  enclosed  in  the 
calyx.     Style  terminal. 

2.  Chenopodium. — Perigonium  3-5-parted, 

not  appendiculate.     Fruit  a  compressed 
utricle  enclosed  in  the  perigonium. 


(9) 

C.     Floral  parts  glumaceous. 
aa.     Spikelets  distichous. 

1.     Cyperus. — Glumse  oo,    one    or   the    two 
lowermost  smaller  and  empty. 

bb.     Spikelets  imbricate  on  all  sides. 

1.  Eleocharis. — Perigoniar*  bristles  not  ex- 
serted.     Caryopsis  apiculate  by  the  per- 
sistent articulate  base  of  the  style. 

2.  Fimbristylis. — Perigonial    bristles    not 
exserted  (sometimes  wanting).     Caryop- 
sis apiculate    by  the  persistent  contin- 
uous base  of  the  style.     Aquatic. 

3.  Scirpus. — Perigonial  bristles  not  exserted 
(sometimes  wanting  altogether).     Cary- 
opsis apiculate  by  the  persistent  contin- 
uous base  of  the  style.     Aquatic. 

4.  Eriophorum.  —  Perigonial    bristles    ex- 
serted,   considerably   longer    than    the 
glumae.     Aquatic. 

Observation. — All  grasses   which   are   rnon- 
ogynous  are  put  in  Triandria  Digynia. 

II,    Digynia, 

A.     Floivers  glumaceous. 

a.     Spikelets  single  1 -flowered,  imbedded  in  the 
notches  of  the  rochis,  each  covered  by  its 
glume. 
I* 


(10) 

I.    Lepturus. 

b.  Spikelets  all  sessile  on  alternating  notches 

of  the  rachis. 

1.  Lolium. — Terminal     spikelet      with      2 
glumes,  lateral  spikelets  but  one  glume. 

2.  Hordeum.— Spikelets  3  at  each  notch  of 
the  rachis,  1-flowered.     Fruit  a  caryop- 
sis  wrapped   and   grown  together  with 
the  palese. 

3.  Elyinus. — Spikelets  3  at  each  notch  of 
the  rachis,  2 — co-flowered. 

4.  Gymnostichum. — Spikelets  1-3  at  each 
notch  of  the  rachis.    Gluuue  rudiment- 
ary or  0. 

5.  Triticum. — Spikelet  1  at  each  notch  of 
the  rachis.    Glumas  2,  placed  right  and 
left  (not  dorsal  and  ventral.) 

c.  Spikelets  pedicillate,  1- -^-flowered,  but  only 

1  flower  regularly  developed. 

aa.     Spikelets  dorsally  compressed. 

1.  Panicum. — Glumae  3,  the  lowermost  very 
small.     Involucre  0. 

2.  Setaria. — Glumse  3,  the  lowermost  small; 
bristly  involucre  below  the  spikelet. 

bb.  Spikelets  laterally  compressed.  Glumce  3. 
The  two  inferior  florets  rudimentary,  ter- 
minal floret  only  developed. 


(11) 

1.  Phalaris. — The  2  inferior  florets  reduced 
to  2  awnless  palese. 

2.  Anthoxantlium. — The  two  inferior  florets 
reduced  to  2  aristate  paleae   larger  than 
the  developed  terminal  floret. 

cc.  S pikelets  not  dor  sally  compressed.  Glumce 
2.  When  a  second  floret  is  present  it  is 
rudimentary  and  terminal. 

aaa.  Stigma  fllamentose,  eocserted  on  the  apex  of 
the  spikelet. 

1.  Alopecurus. — Floret     consisting     of     a 
single  palea. 

2.  Phleum — Gluma3  carinate,  longer  than 
the  2  palese  of  the  floret. 

3.  Spartina. — Glurme  carinate,  the  inferior 
shorter  than  the  floret.     Paleae  unequal, 
the  superior  longer. 

bbb.  Stigma  on  an  elongated  style,  aspergilli- 
form  and  exserted  beloiv  the  apex  of  tJie 
floret. 

1.  Cjnodon. — Glumas  small,  spreading. 
Superior  palea  linear,  concave;  inferior 
palea  laterally  compressed,  oval,  char- 
taceous. 

ccc.  Stigma  plumose,  exserted  from  the  base  of 
the  floret.  Style  very  short. 

1.  Polypogon. — Glumae  obtuse,  but  aris- 
tate. Paleae  membranaceous. 


(12) 

2.  Agrostis. — Glumas    acute,    the    inferior 
one  larger.     Paleas  merabranaceous. 

3.  Calamagrostis. — Glumes    acute,  the   in- 
ferior one  larger.     Pale*  surrounded  by 
silky  hair  at  the  base. 

4.  Stipa. — Glumae   acute,    sometimes  aris- 
tate.     Paleae  cartilaginous,  the  inferior 
one  cylindrically  involute.     Awn  strong, 
articulate   at  the   base,  persistent,  de- 
veloped from  the  apex  of  the  palea. 

6.  Gastridium. — Glumse  acute,  very  much 
compressed,  ventricose  at  their  base. 
Palese  membranaceous. 

d.     Spikelets    pedicillate,     2-  ^-flowered,    the 
uppermost  floret  frequently  rudimentary. 

aa.     Stigma  aspergittiform,  exserted  below  the 
apex  of  the  floret. 

1.  Phragmites. — S  pikelets   oo-flowered, 
lowermost  floret  3  or  neuter,  the  other 
florets  £  and  pilose. 

2.  Hierochloa. — Spikelets   3-flowered,    the 
two  inferior  ones  $  and  triandrous,  the 
terminal  one  £  and  diandrous. 

bb.     Stigma  plumose,  exserted  near  the  base  of 
the  floret. 

1.  Arrhenatherum. — Spikelets  2-flowered; 
inferior  floret  $  ,  aristate ;  superior 
floret  $  ,  awnless. 


(13) 

2.  Holcus. — Spikelets   2-flowered,    inferior 
floret    £,   awnless;    superior    floret    <3  , 
aristate. 

3.  Aira. — Spikelets    2-flowered,    both     $  ; 
inferior  palea  4-dentate  at  its  apex,  aris- 
tate from  its  base. 

4.  Avena. — Spikelets  2-  co-flowered.     Flor- 
ets $ .     Inferior  palea  2-dentate  at  its 
apex,  aristate  from  its  median  nerve. 

5.  Danthonia.  —  Spikelets      2-  co-flowered. 
Florets  Q  .     Inferior  palea  2-cleft,  aris- 
tate from  the  fissure. 

6.  Melica. — Spikelets  2-  co-flowered,  florets 
awnless,   the  inferior  or  2  inferior,   £  ; 
the  rest  rudimentary. 

7.  Koeleria. — Glunue  and  paleas  membrana- 
ceous.     Spikelets  2-  co-flowered.     Flor- 
ets   lanceolate,     compressed,    carinate; 
inferior  palea  mucrouate-aristate. 

8.  Dactylis. — Glum  as    and     pale  03     herba- 
ceous.    Spikelets  3-  co-flowered.     Flor- 
ets    ovate,     carinate.      Inferior     palea 
asymmetric,  mucronate-aristate. 

9.  Poa.— Spikelets   2- co-flowered.     Florets 
ovate,  carinate,  awnless,  deciduous  with 
the  joint  of  the  axis. 

10.  Eragrostis. — Spikelets  2- co-flowered. 
Florets  ovate,  carinate,  awnless;  supe- 
rior palea  and  axis  persistent. 


(14) 

11.  Glyceria.   Spikelets  2,  co-flowered.  Flor- 
ets   ovate,    convex,    awnless.     Aquatic 
grass. 

12.  LophochlaBna.  —  Spikelets  co-flowered, 
compressed,    Glum*    membranaceous. 
Inferior  palea  2-lobed,  aristate  from  the 
mid-nerve.     Superior     palea  2-carinate 
with  a  pair  of  dentate  appendages. 

13.  Briza. — Spikelets  2-  co-flowered,  densely 
distichous.     Florets  awnless.     Inferior 
palea  inflated,  with  auriculate  cordate 
base. 

14.  Festuca. — Spikelets  2-  co-flowered.  Flor- 
ets lanceolate,  convex.     Superior  palea 
ciliate.     Style  inserted  on  the  apex  of 
the  ovary. 

15.  Bromus. — Spikelets  co-flowered.  Florets 

lanceolate.       Style  inserted   below  the 
apex  of  the  ovary  on  its  ventral  side. 

B.     Flowers  not  glumaceous. 

1.  Pentacsena. — Calyx  2-seriate,  persistent. 
External  sepals  3,  cucullate  at  the  apex, 
ending  in  a  spine;  internal  sepals  2, 
mucronate.  Fruit  a  utricle. 

Ill,    Trigynia. 

1.  Tillaea. — Calyx  3-sepalous.  Corolla  3- 
petalous.  Fruit  3  follicles,  each  2- 
seeded.  Aquatic. 


(15) 

2 .  Lastarrisea. — Perigonium  tubular,  coria- 
ceous, 6-dentate.     Ovary  1.     Fruit    an 
akene.     Involucre  0. 

3.  Chorizanthe. — Involucre  1-3   flowered, 
coriaceous,     3-6    angular.       Ovary     1. 
Fruit,  an  akene. 

4.  Tricerastes    (Datisca). — Calyx   superior 
Petals   0.     Anthers  extrorse.     Ovary  3- 
quetrous.    Styles  3,  each  2-cleft.   Ovary 
I -celled.     Placentae  parietal. 

5.  Cyperus. — Gluinaceous.     Spiklets     dis- 
tichous. 

6.  Eleocharis. — Glumaceous.     Spiklets  im- 
bricate. Perigonial  bristles  not  exserted. 
Caryopsis   apiculate   by   the  persistent 
articulate  base  of  the  style. 

7.  Fimbristylis. — Glumaceous.      Spikelets 
imbricate.     Perigonial  bristles  not  ex- 
serted.      Caryopsis    apiculate.       Style 
articulate  above  its  base.     Aquatic. 

8.  Scirpus. — Glumaceous.    Spiklets  imbri- 
cate.    Perigonial  bristles  not  exserted. 
Caryopsis  apiculate    by   the   persistent 
continuous  base  of  the  style.     Aquatic. 

9.  Eriophorum. — Glumaceous.       Spikelets 
imbricate.    Perigonial  bristles  exserted, 
considerably  longer   than   the    glumae. 
Aquatic. 


(16) 

TETRANDRIA, 

I,    Monogynia  and  Digynia, 
A.     Flowers  complete. 

a.  Calyx  double;  the  interior  calyx  adnate 
to  the  ovary.  Corolla  gamopetalous. 

1.      Dipsacus. 

b.  Calyx  simple.     Corolla  gamopetalous, 
inferior. 

1.  Plantago. — Corolla-limb  regular,  4- part- 
ed.    Stigma   filamentose.      Capsule  cir- 
cumscissile. 

2.  Gentiana. — Ovary  1.  Placentae  2.   Style 
short.     Stigmas  2,  flat  and  thin.     Cap- 
sule septicidal.     Seeds  minute. 

3.  Microcala  (Cicendia). — Ovary   1.     Pla- 
centas 2.     Style   filiform.     Stigma  pel- 
tate.    Seeds  minute. 

c.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  superior. 

1.  Galium. — Corolla  rotate.  Fruit  a  2- 
coccous  schizocarp. 

d.  Corolla  4-petalous,  inferior. 

1.  Euonymus. — Petals  inserted  on  a  glan- 
dular disc.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
same  disc,  and  alternating  with  them. 
Eruit  a  capsule.  Shrub. 


(17) 

2.  Ptelea. — Stamens  alternating  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  on  a  convex  disc,  2-celled. 
Cells  2-ovulate.  Fruit  a  2-seeded  sa- 
mara. Shrub. 

e.     Corolla  4-petalous,  superior. 

1.  Cornus. — Calyx  4-parted.  Fruit  adrupe. 
Tree.    Shrub. 

2.  Eucharidium. — Calyx  tube  extended  be- 
yond the  ovary,  its  lobes  reflexed.    Pet- 
als unguiculate,  lobed.   Fruit  a  capsule. 

3.  Gayophytum. — Calyx  tube  not  extended 
beyond  the   ovary.     Anthers   versatile. 
Stamens   alternating   with   staminodia, 
which  are  opposite  to  the  petals.     Fruit 
a  capsule. 

B.     Flowers  incomplete. 

a.     Perigonium  inferior. 

1.  Majanthemum. — Perigonium   corolline, 
4-parted,  rotate. 

2.  Acsena. — Calyx  lobes  valvate,  tube  spi- 
nose.     Ovaries    1-2.       Style   or   styles 
terminal.  Fruit  1  or  2  akenes,  enclosed 
in  the  calyx  tube. 

3.  Alchemilla. — Perigonium  calycine;  limb 
8-cleft.     Stamens  inserted  on  an  annu- 
lar throat  (faux). 


(18) 

4.  Sanguisorba. — Perigonium  caljcine ;  limb 

4-cleft,  colored.     Stamens   inserted  on 
an  annular  throat  (faux). 

5.  Negundo. — Perigonium   very    small,    4- 
dentate.  Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara,  Tree. 
Shrub. 

II.    Tetragynia, 

1.  Tillasa. — Calyx  4-sepalous.     Corolla   4- 
petalous.     Follicles  4,  each  2-seeded. 

2.  Sagina. — Calyx  4-sepalous.     Corolla  4- 
petalous.  Capsule  4-valved.     Seeds  ren- 
iform. 

3.  Cuscuta. — Corolla  gamopetalous,  4-cleft. 
Ovary   1;   ovules   few,  inserted    on   the 
base    of    the    ovary.     Oapsule  circum- 
scissile.     Parasitic. 

4.  Potamogeton.  — Perigonium     4-parted. 
Fruit,  4  sessile  drupes.     Aquatic. 

PENTANDEIA, 
I,    Monogyma, 

A.     Floral  parts  gamopetalous,  inferior. 

a.     Fruit  4  nutlets,  each  1-3  seeded. 

aa.     Ovary  with  4  sutures  finally  sepa- 
rating into  4  nutlets. 

1.      Heliotropium. — Corolla    funnel-shaped, 
throat  naked,  limb  plicate. 


(19) 

bb. — Ovary  Imparted,  nutlets  vent-ratty  ad- 
herent to  the  persistent  style. 

1.  Echinospermum.  —  Nutlets    3-quetrous, 
glocliidiate  on  their  edges. 

2.  Cynoglossum. — Nutlets  compressed,  spi- 
nose  on  their  entire  dorsal  surface. 

3.  Pectocarya. — Nutlets  in  pairs,  divergent, 
carinate,  carina  dentate. 

cc.  Ovary  deeply  J-parted,  nutlets  exca- 
vated on  their  ventral  side  inserted  on  a 
pyramidal  disc. 

1.     Amsinckia. — Nutlets  coriaceous,  inserted 
above  their  base.     Cotyledons  2-cleft. 

dd.  Ovary  deeply  ^-parted,  nutlets  in- 
serted on  a  flat  disc. 

1.  Krynitzkia  (Eritrichium). — Nutlets  ven- 
trally  attached  from  near  their  base  to  a 
columnar  prominence   inserted    on  the 
otherwise  flat  disc. 

2.  Plagiobothrys    [Eritrichium]. — Nutlets 
attached  near  the  middle  of  their  ventral 
face  to  a  columnar  prominence,  inserted 
on  the  otherwise  flat  disc. 

b.  Fruit  a  1 -celled  capsule  witli  free 
central  placentation. 

1.     Dodecatheon.  —  Corolla    partitions    re- 
flexed. 


(20) 

2.     Anagallis. — Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  cap- 
sule circumscissile. 

c.  Ovary  1 -celled  ivith  2  parietal  placen- 
tas. 

1.  Menyanthes.  —  Corolla    funnel  -  shaped. 
Stigma    undivided.      Capsule    2-valved, 
valves  bearing  the  seeds  in  their  middle ; 
placentae  not    detached    from   the  exo- 
carp.    Aquatic. 

2.  Nemophila. — Calyx  with  reflexed  sinuses. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.    Stig- 
mas 2.     Capsule  2-valved.     Placentae  de- 
tached from  the  exocarp. 

3.  Ellisia. — Calyx  without  reflexed  sinuses. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Stig- 
mas   2.     Capsule   , 2-valved.     Placentae 
detached  from  the  exocarp. 

4.  Romanzoffia.  —  Calyx    without    reflexed 
sinuses.     Corolla  funnel-shaped.     Stig- 
ma 1,  undivided.     Capsule   loculicidal. 
Seeds  oo . 

d.  Capsule  2-  <x>-celled. 

1.  Erythraea. — Corolla  funnel-salver-shaped. 

Anthers  finally  spiral.    Seeds  minute. 

2.  Gentiana. — Ovary  1.    Placentas  2.    Style 
short.     Stigmas  2.     Capsule  septicidal. 
Seeds  minute. 


(21) 

3.  Polemonium. — Corolla  rotate.     Stigmas 
3.     Filaments  inserted  at  equal  heights 
on  the  tube  of  the  corolla,    ascending; 
anthers  incumbent. 

4.  Gilia. — Corolla     rotate — funnel-shaped. 
Stigmas  3.     Filaments  straight,  inserted 
at  equal  heights;  anthers  incumbent. 

5.  Collomia. — Corolla  salver-shaped.    Stig- 
mas 3.     Filaments  inserted  at   unequal 
heights  and  exserted. 

6.  Convolvulus. — Corolla  funnel-shaped,  pli- 

cate,  5-angular.     Cells  of  ovary  2-ovu- 
late.     Calyx  marcescent. 

7.  Datura. — Corolla  funnel-shaped,  plicate, 
5-angular.     Calyx   transversely  decidu- 
ous. 

8.  Nicotiana. — Corolla    funnel-shaped,  pli- 
cate, 5-angular.    Calyx  persistent.   Cells 
of  ovary  oo-ovulate. 

9.  Rhododendron.  —  Corolla   campanulate. 
Stamens  inserted  on  a  disc,  not  on  the 
corolla.     Cells  of  the   anthers   opening 
by  pores.     Shrubs. 

10.  Pentstemon. — Corolla  irregular,  funnel- 
shaped.  Stamens  of  unequal  length, 
one  of  them  sterile.  Capsule  2-celled 
oo-ovulate. 


(22) 

e.     Fruit  baccate. 

1.     Solanum.  —  Corolla     rotate.       Anthers 
opening  by  apical  pores. 

B.     Floral  parts  gamopetalous,  superior. 

a.  Fruit  capsular. 

1.  Samolus.  —  Staminodia     5,    alternating 
with  the  stamens.     Ovary  1-celled. 

2.  Campanula. —  Corolla    5-lobed.      Ovary 
flat  at  its  apex.     Capsule   turbinate  de- 
hiscent by  lateral  pores. 

3.  Heterocodon   (Campanula).  —  Corolla   5- 
lobed.     Ovary  flat  at  its  apex.     Capsule 
turbinate,  laterally  but  irregularly  dehis- 
cent. 

4.  Specularia. —  Corolla    rotate.      Capsule 
elongated,  prismatic,  dehiscent  laterally 
by  valves. 

5.  Githopsis. — Corolla    tubular.      Capsule 
clavate,  dehiscent  at  its  apex  by  the  fall- 
ing off  of  the  base  of  the  style. 

6.  Downingia.  —  Corolla    irregular.     Fila- 
ments and  anthers  united  into  a  tube. 

b.  Fruit  baccate. 

1.  Lonicera. — Corolla  irregular.     Ovary  2- 
3-celled,  oo-seeded. 

2.  Symphoricarpus. — Ovary  4-celled.     Ber- 
ry 2-seeded.     Shrubs. 


(23) 

c.     Floral  parts  polypetalous,  inferior. 
aa.     Floral  parts  irregular. 

1.  Viola. — Calyx  5-sepalous.    Corolla  5-pet- 
alous.      Capsule   3-valved,    placentae   3; 
each  ex-seeded. 

2.  JEsculus. — Calyx  5-dentate.     Corolla  4- 
5-petalous.     Capsule  3-valved,  1-seeded, 
Tree. 

bb.     Floral  parts  regular. 

1.  Acer. — Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.     Trees. 
Shrubs. 

2.  Vitis.  —Petals  coherent  at  the  apex,  and 
caducous  at  the  base,  inserted  on  a  disc. 
Fruit  baccate. 

3.  Euonymus. — Petals  5,  inserted   on    the 
calyx.     Stamens    alternating   with    the 
petals,    inserted    on  a    glandular   disc. 
Fruit  capsular.     Shrubs. 

4.  Ehamnus. — Petals  4-5  with  short  claws, 
inserted  on  the  calyx.     Stamens  oppo- 
site to  the  petals.     Fruit   a  drupe  with 
several  pyrense.     Trees.  Shrubs. 

5.  Ceanothus. — Calyx  and  disc  adnate  to 
the  base  of  the  ovary.     Stamens  oppo- 
site  to  the    petals.     Petals    with    long 
claws    cucullate.     Fruit    a    capsule,    3- 
celled;  cells  1-seeded.     Capsule  septici- 
dal.     Trees.     Shrubs. 


(24) 

6.  Ptelea. — Stamens  alternating   with  the 
petals.   Ovary  on  a  convex  disc,  2-celled; 
cells  2-ovulate.  Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara 
Shrubs. 

7.  Erodium. — Carpidia  5,  verticillate  round 
a  columnar  axis.    Styles  connate  at  their 
apex. 

8.  Pentacaena. — Sepals  2-seriate, persistent; 
external   sepals  3,  with   cucullate  apex 
terminating  in  a  spine,  internal  sepals, 
mucronate.     Ovary  1-ovulate.     Style  2- 
cleft.     Fruit  a  utricle. 

9.  Frankenia. — Calyx  tubular,  4r-5   lobed. 
Petals  4  or  5,  unguiculate.     Capsule  1- 
celled,    dehiscent    by    valves.      Ovules 
few,  inserted  on  parietal  placentse. 

d.  Floral  parts  polypetalous,  superior. 

1.  Eibes. — Petals  unguiculate  and  with  the 
stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx  limb. 
Fruit  baccate,  oo-seeded.  Shrubs. 

e.  floral  parts  incomplete. 

1.  Glaux. — Perigonium    campanulate,    5- 
lobed,petaloid.     Ovary  5-valved. 

2.  Polygonum. — Perigonium     5  -  sepalous, 
persistent.        Stigmas   2-3,    capitulate. 
Fruit  an  akene  enclosed  in  the  persis- 
tent perigoniuni. 


(25) 

3.  Acaena.—  Calyx  lobes  valvate,  tube  spin- 
ose.     Style   terminal.     Akene   enclosed 
in  the  calyx  tube. 

4.  Negundo. — Per igouiuni  small,  5-dentate. 
Fruit  a  samara.     Tree. 

5.  Abrouia. — Flowers  capitulate.  Involucre 
oo-pliyllous.  Perigonium  gamosepalous, 
salver-shaped. 

II.    Digynia, 

A.  Flowers  incomplete. 

1.  Siueda     (Schoberia).  —Perigonium     5~ 
parted,    not    appendlculate.       Embryo 
spiral. 

2.  Chenopodium. —  Perigonium    5-parted, 
not  appendiculate.     Embryo  annular. 

3.  Acrena. — Calyx  lobes  valvate,  tube  spin- 
ose.     Fruit,    2  akenes,  enclosed    in  the 
calyx  tube. 

B.  Floivers  complete,  gamopetalom;  floral  parts 

infeiior. 

a.     Ovaries  2.     Seeds   oo. 

1.  Apocynum, — Ovaries  distinct  at  the 
base  but  united  by  their  stigma.  Five 
scales  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla  opposite 
to  the  corolla  lobes. 

2 


(26) 

b.  Ovary  lt  tvith  two  opposite  placentae. 

1 .  Gentiana. — Lobes  of  the  corolla  without 
nectaria.       Capsule    co-seeded.      Seeds 
minute. 

2.  Nemophila. — Calyx   with   reflexed    sin- 
uses.   Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla. 
Capsule   2-valved.     Placentae    detached 
from  the  exocarp. 

3.  Ellisia. — Calyx  without  reflexed  sinuses. 
Stamens  shorter  than  the  corolla.     Cap- 
sule 2-valved.     Placentas  detached  from 
the  exocarp. 

4.  Phacelia. — Corolla  deciduous.    Stamens 
exserted,  equal.     Capsule  loculicidal. 

5.  Emmenanthe. — Corolla  persistent.     Sta- 
mens exserted,  equal.     Capsule   loculi- 
cidal. 

6.  Eriodictyon. — Capsule    4-valved   (locu- 
licidal and  septicidal).     Shrub. 

c.  Ovctry   1.     Seeds  few.     Placentce  on 
the  base  of  the  ovary. 

1.      Cuscuta. — Capsule  circumscissile.    Par- 
asite. 

C.     Corolla  5-petaled.     Floral  parts  inferior. 

1.      Heuchera. — Ovary     1-celled.      Capsule 
oo-ovulate,   dehiscent   by  valves.     Pla- 


centre    parietal  at  the   margins  of   the 
valves. 

2.  Pentacsena. — Calyx  2-seriate.  Petals 
minute.  Ovary  1-ovulate.  Fruit  a 
utricle. 

D.     Corolla  5-petaled.     Floral  parts  superior.  - 

a.  tloivers  in  a  simple  umbel. 

1.  Panax. — Fruit  baccate. 

2.  Hydrocotyle. — Petals     entire,      acute. 
Akenes     laterally     compressed.    Costre 
filiform. 

3.  Bowlesia. — Petals  obtuse.  Akenes  ovate, 
turgid,  without  costae,  pubescent. 

4.  Eryngium.  — Petals    erect,    connivent, 
emarginate  at  their  apex.  Akenes  terete, 
obovate,    without    costre   but  squamate 
and  tuberculate. 

5.  Sauicula.  Petals  erect,  connivent,  emar- 
ginate at  their  apex.  Akenes  spinose. 

6.  Panax.     Fruit  baccate. 

b.  Floicers  in  a  compound  umbel. 

aa.  Endosperm  not  excavated  on  its  ver- 
tral  surface  (Orthospermce).  Costai  J, 
filiform;  secondary  costal  0.  Akene 
laterally  compressed. 

aaa.      Petals  entire. 

1.  Apium.  -Petals  stellate,  rounded,  with 
involute  apex. 


(28) 

bbb.    Petals  obcordate  with  a  small  injlexed  lobe. 
Calyx  limb  obliterated. 

1.  Oarum. — Petals     regular.        Styles     re- 
clined.     Akenes    oblong.      Costoe    fili- 
form.    Oil  tubes  solitary. 

2.  Pimpinella. — Petals     regular.        Styles 
tliin,    divergent.     Costae   fiiliform.     Oil 
tubes  3  in  each  vallecula. 

ccc.      Petals  obcordate  with  a  small  in  flexed  lobe. 
Calyx  limb  5-dentate. 

1.  Cicuta. — Endosperm  convex.     Fruit  con- 
tracted.    Oil  tubes  solitary. 

2.  Sium. — Fruit  contracted.     Oil  tubes  su- 
perficial, 3  in  each  vallecula. 

3.  Berula. — Fruit    contracted.      Oil    tubes 
covered  by  a  thickened  pericarp,  3  in 
each  vallecula. 

bb.  Endosperm  not  excavated  on  its  ventral 
surface  (Orthospermce).  Costal  5,  second- 
ary costaz  0.  Akenes  terete  or  subterete. 

1.  Angelica. — Petals  not  obcordate,  lateral 
costae  extended  into  wings. 

2.  Selinum. — Calyx  limb  obliterated.     Pet- 
als obcordate.    Oil  tubes  solitary.     Lat- 
eral costee  much  broader  than  the  dor- 
sal. 

3.  (Enanthe.— Calyx  limb  5-dentate.    Styles 
erect.     Oil  tubes  solitary.     Carpophore 
adnate. 


(29) 

cc.  Endosperm  not  excavated  on  its  ventral 
surface  (OrtJiospermce).  Costce,  5,  fili- 
form, secondly  costce  0.  Akenes  dors- 
ally  compressed,  lenticular. 

1.  Heracleum. — Petals     obcordate.        Oil 
tubes  clavate.     Lateral  costae  of  the  two 
akenes  touching   each  other   and  more 
distant   from    the   3   dorsal  costae  than 
these  amongst  themselves. 

2.  Peucedanum. — Lateral  and  dorsal  costae 
equally  distant.     Oil  tubes  superficial. 

dd.     Primary  costce  5,  secondary  costce  4. 

1.      Daucus. — Primary  costae  fiiliform,  brist- 
ly.    Secondary  costae  spinose. 

ee.  Endosperm  concave  on  its  ventral  surface 
by  a  longitudinal  furrow  (Coelosperma?) . 

1.  Caucalis. — Primary  costae  spinose;    sec- 
ondary more  prominent  than  the  prim- 
ary. 

2.  Coninm. — Akenes  laterally  compressed. 
Costa3  .  undulate,    crenulate;    secondary 
costae  0.     Oil  tubes  0. 

3.  Deweya. — Akenes  laterally  compressed. 

Costae  prominent.     Secondary  costae  0. 
Oil  tubes  2-3  in  each  vallecula. 

4.  Osmorrhiza. — Akenes    linear,    angulate. 
Carpophore  persistent. 


(30) 

C.     Flowers  not  umbellate. 

1.  Boykinia. — Ovary  2-celled.     Capsule  co- 
seeded. 

2.  Heuchera. — Ovary     1-celled.       Capsule 

oo-seeded,  dehiscent  by  valves. 

3.  Ribes. — Petals  and  stamens  inserted  on 
the   calyx    limb.       Petals    unguiculate. 
Fruit  baccate,   co-seeded.     Shrubs. 

Ill,    Trigynia, 

A.  Floral  parts  complete,  inferior. 

1.  Rhus. — Fruit    drupaceous,    1-pvrenous. 
Pyrena  1 -seeded.     Shrubs. 

2.  Calandrinia. — Sepals  2,  persistent.    Pet- 
als 5.      Capsule  3-valved  2-celled.     Pla- 
centa central,  co-seeded.     Succulent. 

3.  Claytonia.  — Sepals  2,  persistent.    Petals 
5.     Capsule  3-valved,  1-celled.     Placen- 
ta central,  few-seeded.     Succulent. 

4.  Linum. — Sepals    5.      Capsule    3-celled. 
Cells  2-ovulate. 

5.  Alsine. — Sepals   5.     Petals  5.     Capsule 

1-celled,  3-valved.     Placenta  central. 

B.  Floral  parts  complete,  superior. 

1.  Sambucus.      Corolla   rotate.      Berry   3- 
seeded      (Drupe      3-pyrenous.)      Tree. 
Shrub. 

2.  Whipplea. — Ovary  3-celled,  cells  1-ovu- 
late.     Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule. 


(31) 

IV.  Pentagynia. 

1.  Aralia. — Fruit  a  5-pyrenous  drupe.     Py- 
rense  1-seeded. 

2.  Tilkea.  —  Calyx     5-parted.       Petals     5. 
Fruit  5-follicles.     Aquatic. 

3.  Linum. — Sepals  5.     Capsule  4-5-celled, 
cells  2-ovulate. 

4.  Statice. — Calyx  limb  scarious.     Ovary  1- 
celled,  1-ovulate.     Styles  not  plumose. 

5.  Armeria. — Calyx  limb  scarious.      Ovary 
1-celled,  1-ovulate.     Styles  plumose. 

6.  Spergula. — Calyx  5-sepalous.     Petals  5, 
entire.       Capsule      1-celled,     5-valved. 
Seeds  winged. 

7.  Sagina. — Calyx  5-sepalous.     Capsule  1- 
celled,  4-5-valved.     Seeds  reniform. 

V.  Polygynia, 

1.  Myosurus. — Claws  of  petals  longer  than 
the  lamina.  Carpidia  GO.  Akenes  1- 
seeded. 

HEXANDRIA. 
I.    Monogynia, 

A.     Floral  parts  complete. 

1.  Berberis. — Petals   6,    inferior.     Fruit  a 
berry.     Shrub. 

2.  Vancouveria. — Petals  6,  inferior.     Fruit 
a  follicle. 


3.  Trillium.—  Sepals  3.      Petals   3.      Stig- 
mas 3,  almost  sessile. 

4.  Ly  thrum.  —  Calyx  tubular,  8-12-dentate. 
Petals  4—8. 

5.  Trientalis.—  Calyx    6-7    cleft.     Corolla 
6-8   parted,    spreading.      Capsule  6-8- 
valvcd,  1-celled.     Placenta  central. 

6.  Frankeuia.  —  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.    Pet- 
als 5,  unguiculate.    Capsule  1-celled,  de- 
hiscent by  valves.    Ovules  few,  inserted 
on  parietal  placentae. 

B.     Floral  parts  incomplete.     Perigonium  corol- 
line,  gamosepalous. 

1.  Muilla    (Hespsroscordum)     Perigonium 
deeply  6-parted,  campanulate.     Stamens 
inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perigonium. 

2.  Broduea.  —  Perigonium   6  lobed,    fnnnel- 
shaped.    Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat, 
alternately  sterile. 

3.  Triteleia.  —  Perigonium   6-lobed,   salver- 
shaped.     Stamens    inserted   alternately 
on  the  throat  and  on  the  middle  of  the 
tube, 

C.     Florol  parts  incomplete.     Perigonium  corol- 


a.     Style  3  -deft,  or  3  sessile  stigmas. 

1.     Fritillaria.  —  Sapals   of  perigonium  with 
a  nectarium  at  the  base. 


(33) 

2.  Calochortus. — Alternate  sepals  of  differ- 
enr  shape;  interior  sepals  larger.     Stig- 
mas sessile.     Anthers  basi-fixed.     Cap. 
sule  3-celled. 

3.  Trillium. — External   sepals   herbaceous, 

internal  corolline.     Stigmas  almost  ses- 
sile.    Fruit  a  berry. 

b.     Style  entire  or  0.     Stigma  entire  or 
3-lobed. 

aa.     Anthers  basi-fixed. 

1.  Prosartes. — Fruit  baccate  ;  testa   of  the 

seeds  thin,  membranaceous. 

2.  Clintonia. — Fruit  baccate  ;  testa  of  the 
seeds  crustaceous. 

bb.     Anthers  versatile. 

1.  Lilium. — Sepals  with  a  nectariferous  lon- 
gitudinal groove. 

2.  Allium. — Nectariferous  grooves  0.  Flow- 
ers umbellate,  before  spreading  enclosed 
in  a  spathe. 

3.  Cyanotris   (Cainassia). — Sepals  6,  5  as- 
cending,  1   deflexed.     Stamens  ascend- 
ing.    Style  declined,  its  base  persistent. 
Fruit     a    loculiciclal     capsule,    several 
seeded. 

2B 


(34) 

4.  Chlorogalum.     Sepals    spreading,    ligu- 
late.     Stamens  spreading.     Style  decid- 
uous.    Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule     Each 
cell  2-seeded. 

5.  Smilacina. — Style    short,    3-lobed,   per- 
sistent.    Fruit  baccate,  few-seeded. 

D,     Floral  parts  incomplete,    Perigonium  gluma- 
ceous. 

1.  Juncus. — Style  with  3  filiform  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  capsule,   oo-seeded. 

2.  Luzula. — Style  with   3  filiform  stigmas. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  3-seeded. 

II,    Trigynia. 

1.  Zygadenus. — Perigonium  6~sepalous.  Se- 
pals glandular  at  the  base.     Anthers  ex- 
trorse,  1-celled. 

2.  Xerophyllum. — Perigonium    6-sepalous. 
Sepals  not  glandular  at  the  base.     An- 
thers extrorse. 

3.  Triglochin. — Ovaries    3-6,   separated  at 

the  base.     Stigmas  sessile,  plumose. 

4.  Chorizanthe.      Involucre    1-3    flowered, 
tubular.     Fruit  an  akene. 

5.  Rumex. — Ovary   1,  1-celled,  1-seeded. 
Stigma  plumose. 

6.  Pterostegia. — Involucre   2-lobed,  1-flow- 
ered.     Fruit  an  akene  enveloped  by  the 
enlarged  involucre. 


(35) 

7.  Anemopsis.  —  Spadix    with     a    several- 
leaved    involucre.      Flowers    bracteate. 
Perigonium   0.      Ovaries    immersed   in 
the  rachis,  1-celled,  ao-seeded. 

8.  Frankenia. — Calyx   tubular,    costate,    5- 
cleft.     Petals  5,  unguiculate.     Capsule 
1-celled,    dehiscent   by  valves.     Ovules 
few,  inserted  on  parietal  placentae. 

Ill,    Hexagynia— Polygynia, 

1.  Triglochin. — Stigmas    sessile,    plumose. 
Aquatic. 

2.  Alisma. — Sepals  3.     Petals  3.     Aquatic. 

HEPTANDRIA, 

I,  Monogynia.    (Number  of  parts  somewhat  inconstant.) 

1.  Trientalis.— Calyx    7-claft.      Corolla    7- 
parted.     Stamens  inserted   on   the  cor- 
olla. 

2.  ^sculus.— Calyx  5-dentate.    Petals  4-5, 
irregular. 

II.  Trigynia, 

1.  Portulaca. — Corolla  superior,     Calyx  2- 
sepalous,  deciduous.    Petals  4-6.     Fruit 
a  circumscissile  capsule.     Succulent. 

2.  Calandrinia. —  Corolla    inferior.      Calyx 
2-sepalous,  persistent.     Fruit  a  capsule, 
3-valved,  oo-seeded. 


(36  ) 

III,    Polygynia. 

1.  Portulaca. — Corolla  superior.  Calyx  2- 
sepalous,  deciduous.  Petals  4-6.  Fruit 
a  circumscissile  capsule.  Succulent. 

OCTANDEIA. 
I.    Monogynia. 

A.  Floral  parts  polypetalous,  inferior. 

1.  Acsr. — Calyx  4-5-parted.  Corolla  4-5 
petals.  Fruit  a  samara.  Tree. 

B.  Floral  parts  polypetalous ,  superior. 

1.  Jussisea. — Calyx  tube  not  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovary,  lobes  of  the  calyx 
limb  persistent.  Petals  inserted  on  the 
calyx.  Stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  septic- 
idal  capsule.  Aquatic. 

a.     Seeds  loitli  a  liaAry  croion. 

1.  Zauschneria. — Calyx  tube  considerably 
prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  calyx  limb 
petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  not  exceed- 
ing the  calyx  lobes,  2-cleft,  erect.     Cap- 
sule 4-valved,  1-celled,  oo-seeded. 

2.  Epilobium. — Calyx  tube  prolonged  but 
little  beyond  the  ovary.    Petals  inserted 
on  an  annular  disc  on  the  summit  of  the 
calyx  tube.     Ovary   4-celled.     Capsule 
loculicidal. 


(37) 

b.     Seeds  naked. 

1.  Gayophytum. — Catyx  tube  not  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovary.       Anthers  versatile. 
Stamens  opposite  the  petals  smaller  than 
alternates.    Ovary  2-celled.  Style  short. 
Capsule  2-celled,  4-valved. 

2.  (Eiiothera. — Calyx   tube  prolonged  be- 
yond the   ovary,  lobes  of  the  limb  re- 
flexed.     Anthers    versatile.     Ovary    4- 
celled,  ovules  oo.  Style  filiform.  Capsule 
4-celled,  loculicidal. 

3.  Godetia. — Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  funnel-shaped,  lobes  of   the 
limb  reflexed.     Anthers  basi-fixed. 

4.  Clarkia. — Calyx  tube  prolonged  beyond 
the  ovary,  lobes  of  the  limb  reflexed. 
Petals  unguiculate.  Stamens  alternately 
smaller.     Anthers  basi-fixed. 

6.  Boisduvalia. — Calyx  tube  prolonged  be- 
yond the  ovary,  lobes  of  the  limb  erect. 
Petals  sessile,  2-lobed.  Alternate  stamens 
shorter.  Anthers  basi-fixed. 

C.     Floral   parts  complete,     superior.     Corolla 
gamopetalous. 

1.  Vaccinium. — Stamens  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  an  epigynous  disc.  Cells  of 
anthers  elongated  into  a  tube  at  the 
apex.  Fruit  a  co-seeded  berry.  Shrub. 


(38) 

D.     Floral  parts  incomplete,  inferior. 

1.  Dirca.- -Perigonium  cam  panulate.  Limb 
obliquely  truncate.     Style  subterminal. 
Fruit  a  drupe.   Shrub. 

2.  Polygonum. — Perigonium  4-5  sepalous, 
persistent.       Stigmas    2-3.      Fruit    an 
akene,  enclosed  in  the  persistent  peri- 
gonium. 

3.  Acaena. — Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the 
throat,  angular,  the  angles  armed  with 
glochidate  prickles.    Stigma  penicillate. 
Akene  enclosed  in  the  calyx-tube. 

II,  Digynia  and  Trigynia. 

1.  Polygonum. — Perigonium  4-5  sepalous, 
persistent.  Fruit  an  akene  enclosed 
in  the  perigonium. 

III.  Tetragynia, 

1.  Anemopsis. — Spadix  with  a  several 
leaved  involucre.  Perigonium  0.  Ovar- 
ies immersed  in  the  rachis,  1-celled  oo  - 
ovuled. 

ENNEANDBIA, 

1.  Oreodaphne. — Anthers  with  valvular  de- 
hiscence.     Fruit  a  drupe  resting  on  an 
enlarged  thai  am  us.     Tree. 

2.  Eriogomim — .Involucre  co-flowered,  cam  - 
panulate,   6-dentate.     Styles     3.     Fruit 
an  akene. 


(39) 

3.     Chorizanthe. —  Involucre     1-3 -flowered, 
tubular.     Styles  3.    Fruit  an  akene. 

DECANDRIA, 
I.     Monogynia, 

A.     Corolla  1^-5  petalous,  or  petals  0.       Never 
gamopetalous. 

1.  Pyrola. — Calyx      5-parted,      persistent. 
Hypogynous  disc  0.    Anthers  dehiscent 
by  2  pores.     Seeds  minute. 

2.  Cercis. — Calyx  scarcely  dentate.    Corolla 
papilionaceous.  Anthers  versatile.    Pet- 
als unguiculate,  carina  2-petalous,  larger 
than  the  upper  petals.     Legume  flat  co- 
seeded.    Ventral  suture  winged.    Shrub. 
Tree. 

3.  Thermopsis. — Calyx  cleft  to  the  middle. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.     Petals    of  the 
carina  partly  connate,  longer  than  vexil- 
lum.     Legume  linear,  compressed. 

4.  Pickeringia. — Calyx  repandly  4-dentate. 
Corolla  papilionaceous.     Carina  2-peta- 
lous, as  long  as  vexillum.   Legume  linear, 
compressed.     Shrub. 

5.  Geranium. — Carpidia     5,      verticillate 
around  a  columnar  axis.    Styles  connate 
at  the  apex.     Stamens  all  fertile. 

6.  Erodiurn.  —  Carpidia      5,      verticillate 


(40) 

around  a  columnar  axis.    Styles  connate 
at  the  apex.     Alternate  stamens  sterile. 

7.  Limnantlies. — Stamens  inserted  on  aper- 
igynous  disc.   Carpidia  5,  each  1-ovulate. 
Style  entire  from  its  base.     Aquatic. 

8.  Jussiaea. — Petals  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Stigma  capitate.    Fruit  a  septicidal  cap- 
sule.    Aquatic. 

9.  Adenostoma. — Calyx  funnel-shaped,  the 
tube    10-costate.      Carpidion  1.      Fruit 
an   akene   enclosed   in   the   calyx  tube. 
Shrub. 

10.  Acaena. — Calyx  tube  contracted  at  the 
throat,  angular,  the  angles  armed  with 
glochidiate  prickles.  Petals  0.  Stigma 
penicillate.  Fruit  an  akene  enclosed  in 
the  calyx  tube. 

B.     Corolla  gamopetalous. 

1.  Rhododendron. — Calyx    5-parted.     Cor- 
olla    funnel-shaped,     rotate.      Stamens 
ascending.      Anthers    dehiscent   by   an 
apical  pore.    Capsule  septicidal.    Shrub. 
Tree. 

2.  Gaultheria. — Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  ur- 
ceolate.     Fruit  a  spurious  berry,  that  is, 
a  capsule,  5-celled,   co-seeded,  enclosed 
in     the     enlarged     and     fleshy     calyx. 
Shrub. 


(41) 

3.  Arctostaphylos.— Corolla  urceolate. 
Ovary  5-celled,    calls   l-ovul&te.     Fruit 
baccate.     Shrub. 

4.  Arbutus. — Corolla  urceolate.     Ovary  5- 
celled,   cells  ac-seeded.     Fruit  a  berry. 
Tree. 

5.  Samolus. — Alternate  stamens    sterile. 
Ovary    1-celled,   oo-seeded  with  central 
placentation. 

II.    Digynia. 

1.  Saxifraga.  — Ovary     2-celled,     co-seeded. 
Capsule  loculicidal. 

2.  Tellima. — Petals  lobed.     Ovary  1-celled, 

cc-seeded.     Styles  short.    Stigmas  capi- 
tate.    Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  apex. 

3.  Tiarella. — Petals  entire.    Ovary  1-celled. 
Styles  short.     Stigmas  simple.    Capsule 
dehiscent  to  the  base;  valves  unequal. 

4.  Acrena. — Calyx   tube   contracted  at   the 
throat,  angular,  the  angles  armed  with 
glochidiate  prickles.      Petals   0.     Stig- 
mas penicillate.     Akenes  2,  enclosed  in 
the  calyx  tube. 

in,    Trigynia, 

1.  Silene. — Calyx  gamosepalous,  5-dentate, 
without  bracts  at  the  base.  Petals  uu- 
guiculate.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  teeth. 
Seeds  reniform. 


(42) 

2.  Alsine. — Sepals  5,  unchanged   in   fruit. 
Petals   entire.      Capsule    dehiscent   by 
3  valves.     Seeds  reniform. 

3.  Spergularia     (Lepigonum) .  —  Sepals    5. 
Petals  entire.     Capsule  dehiscent  by  3 
valves.      Seeds   compressed.      Stipules 
membranaceous. 

4.  Arenaria. — Sepals     5.      Petals     entire. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  6   valves.     Seeds 
reniform. 

5.  Stellaria.  —  Sepals     5.       Petals    2-cleft. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  6  valves. 

6.  Portulaca. — Corolla  superior.     Calyx  2- 
sepalous,  deciduous.    Petals  4-6.     Cap- 
sule circumscissile. 

7.  Calandrinia. — Corolla    inferior.      Calyx 
2-sepalous,      persistent.       Capsule      3- 
valved,  oo-seeded. 

8.  Whipplea. — Ovary   3-septate.     Cells    1- 
ovulate.     Capsule  septicidal. 

IV.  Tetragynia, 

1. — Sagina. — Sepals  4.  .Petals  entire.  Stig- 
mas alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule 
dehiscent  by  4-5  valves. 

V,  Pentagynia. 

1.  Sagina. — Sepals  5.  Petals  entire.  Stig- 
mas alternate  with  the  sepals.  Capsule 
dehiscent  by  5  valves.  Seeds  reniform. 
Stipules  0. 


(43) 

2.  Spergula. — Sepals     5.       Petals     entire. 
Stigmas     alternate     with     the     sepals. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  5  valves.     Valves 
opposite  to  the  sepals.     Stipules  meni- 
branaceous. 

3.  Cerastium. — Sepals   5.     Petals   2-cleft. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  10  teeth. 

4.  Oxalis. — Stamens  monadelphous  at  their 
base.     Capsule  5-lobed. 

5.  Cotyledon  (Echeveria). — Calyx  5-parted. 
Petals  coherent  by  their  claws.     Ovar- 
ies 5.     Fruit  5-follicles.     Succulent. 

6.  Sedum. — Calyx    5-parted.      Petals    not 
coherent   by   their   claws.      Ovaries    5. 
Fruit  5-follicles.     Succulent. 

7.  Portulaca. — Corolla  superior.     Calyx  2- 
sepalous,  deciduous.    Petals  4-6.    Cap- 
sule circumscissile.     Succulent. 

VI.    Polygynia, 

1.  Horkelia. — Calyx  companulate,  limb  5- 
parted,  augmented  by  5  bractlets. 
ovaries  oo,  inserted  on  a  conical  re- 
ceptacle. Styles  subterminal. 

DODECANDRIA, 
I.    Monogynia, 

1.  Asarum. — Perigonium  3-cleft,  superior. 

2.  Portulaca. — Calyx  2-sepalous,  deciduous. 
Petals    46.      Capsule     circumscissile. 
Succulent. 


(44) 

3.  Calandrinia. — Corolla  inferior.    Calyx  2- 
sepalous,  persistent.     Capsule  3-valved, 
oc-seedecl.     Succulent. 

4.  Lythrum. — Calyx  tubular,  inferior,  8-12- 
dentate.     Petals  4 — 6. 

5.  Adenostoma. —  Calyx      funnel-shaped, 
tube    10-costate.     Petals    5.     Fruit  an 
akene  enclosed  in  the  calyx  tube.    Shrub. 

6.  Cercocarpus. —  Calyx    tube    cylindrical. 
Petals  0.     Style  terminal,  long-exserted. 
Fruit  an  akene,  linear,   terete,  caudate 
by  the  elongated  plumose  style.    Shrub. 

IE,    Pentagynia, 

1.  Nuttallia. — Ovaries  5,  each  2-ovulate. 
Styles  subterminal.  Fruit  several  drupes. 
Shrub. 

IC03ANDRIA. 
I,    Monogynia, 

A.     Floral  parts  complete,  inferior. 

1.  Primus. — Fruit   a  fleshy  drupe.     Endo- 
carp  not  rugose.     Shrubs.     Tree. 

2.  Adenostoma. — C  a  1  y  x    funnel  -  shaped; 
tube   10-costate.     Petals  5.    Akene   en- 
closed in  the  calyx  tube.     Shrubs. 

3.  Cercocarpus. — Calyx    tube    cylindrical. 
Petals  0.     Style  terminal,  long-exserted. 
Akene    linear,    terete,    caudate    by   the 
elongated  exserted  plumose  style.  Shrub. 


(45) 

4.  Portulaca.  —  Calyx    2-sepalous,     decid- 
uous.    Capsule  circumscissile. 

5.  Calandrinia. — Calyx  2-sepalous,  persist- 
ent.    Capsule  3-valved,   oc-seeded. 

6.  Eschscholtzia.  —  Calyx     gamosepalous, 
circumscissile.  Ovary  terete.  Stigmas  4. 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  seeds  on  the 
margins  of  the  valves. 

,    Di-Tri-Tetra-Pentagynia. 

1.  Nuttallia. — Ovaries    5,    each    2-ovulate. 
Style    subterminal,    subinternal.     Fruit 
several  drupes.     Shrub. 

2.  Photinia  (Heteromeles). — Ovaries  2,  im- 
perfectly united,   half  superior.     Styles 
2.     Fruit  a  ponium,  2-celled.     Cells  1- 
seeded.     Tree. 

3.  Amelaiichier. — Ovary   inferior,   3-5-cell- 
ed,  each  cell  imperfectly  divided.    Fruit 
a  pomum,  3-5-seeded.      Eudocarp  bony 
(drupe).     Shrub. 

4.  Spiraea. — Ovaries  several,  several  seeded. 
Fruit    several    follicles.     Testa    of    the 
seeds  membranaceous.     Shrub. 

5.  Neillia. — Ovaries  several,  several  seeded. 
Fruit    several    follicles.  •  Testa    of    the 
seed  crustaceous.     Slirub. 

6.  Horkelia. — Calyx  augmented  by  5  bract- 
lets.     Ovaries    on  a    conical  receptacle. 
Styles  subterminal.     Fruit  akenes. 


(46) 

7.  Mesembrianthemum. — Calyx    partitions 
unequal.     Petals    oo.     Ovary    co-celled, 
oo-seeded.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Succulent. 

8.  Hypericum. — Calyx  4-5-parted.     Petals 
4-5.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

9.  Mentzelia. — Ovary  inferior.     Calyx  limb 
5-parted,  persistent.     Capsule  1-celled. 
Placentae  3,  parietal. 

III.    Polygynia, 

1.  Spiraea. — Ovaries  superior,  several  seed- 
ed.    Fruit  several  follicles.     Shrub. 

2.  Eosa.— Calyx  5-parted.    Petals  5.    Fruit 
akenes  enclosed  in  the'  calyx  tube  form- 
ing a  spurious  berry.     Shrub. 

3.  Calycauthus. — Calyx    cup-shaped,    limb 

oo-parted,  co-seriate.  Petals  0.  Fruit 
GO  akenes  enclosed  in  the  persistent  ca- 
lyx tube.  Shrub. 

4.  Eubus.— Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Fruit 

co  drupes  on  a  conical  receptacle. 
Shrubs. 

5.  Horkelia. — Calyx  campanulate,  augment- 
ed by  5  bractlets.     Styles  subteriniiial. 
Fruit  co  akenes. 

6.  Potentilla. — Calyx  flattened,  augmented 
by   5   bractlets.     Ovaries  on  a  slightly 
conical  receptacle.     Styles  lateral.     Ak- 
enes on  a  herbaceous  thalamus. 


(47) 

7.  Fragaria.— Calyx    flattened,    augmented 
by  5   bractlets.      Ovaries   on  a  convex 
receptacle.     Styles  lateral.     Akenes  on 
a  fleshy  receptacle. 

8.  Mesembrianthemum. —  Calyx   partitions 
unequal.     Petals    oo.     Ovary    oo-celled, 

co-seeded.    Fruit  a  capsule.    Succulent. 

POLYANDBJA, 
I,    Monogynia, 

A.     Petals  4. 

1.  Dendromecon. — Calyx  2-sepalous.  Ovary 
linear.     Stigma  sessile,   2-lobed.     Cap- 
sule  1-celled,    2-valved,    seeds    on    the 
margin  of  the  valves.     Shrub. 

2.  Eschscholtzia. —  Thalamus     top-shaped. 
Calyx      garnosepalous,      circumscissile. 
Ovary   terete.     Stigmas  4.     Capsule  1- 
celled,  2-valved,  seeds  on  the  margin  of 
the  valves. 

3.  Meconopsis. —  Calyx    2-sepalous,    cadu- 
cous.      Anthers     laterally     dehiscent. 
Ovary  1-celled.     Placentae  more  than  2. 
Style  short.     Stigma  radiate. 

4.  Argemone. — Calvx    2-3  sepalous.     Pet- 
als 4.     Anthers  extrorse.     Ovary  1-cell- 
ed,  placentae   more   than   2.      Style    0. 
Stigma  radiate. 


(48) 

5.  Actaea. — Calyx  4-sepalous.  Anthers  ad- 
nate,  introrse.  Ovary  1.  Placenta  ven- 
tral. Style  0.  Berry  oo-seeded. 

B.     Petals  5. 

1.  Heliautheraum. — Calyx  double.  Exter- 
nal sepals  2,  somstiinesO;  internal 3, con- 
torted in  aestivation.  Capsule  3-valved. 

0.     Petals  6. 

1.  Argemone.— Calyx      3-sepalous.      Fila- 
ments filiform.    Stigmas  radiate. 

2.  Platystemon. — Calyx  3-sspalous.     Fila- 
ments   flattened    their     entire     length, 
ovary  at  List  separating  into   its    com- 
ponent carpidia. 

3.  Platystigma. — Calyx    3-sepalous.     Fila- 
ments flattened  only  at  the  base,  ovary 
not  separating  but   ripening   into  a   3- 
valved  capsule. 

II,     Di-  Tri-,  Tatra-,  Panta-,  Polygaia, 

A.     Ovaries  ventrally  dehiscent.    Fruit  a  follicle. 

a.  Flowers  irregular. 

1.  Pelphinium.  Calyx  petaloid.  Superior 
sepal  calcarate. 

b.  Flowers  regular. 

1.  Platystemon. — Sepals  3,  caducous.  Pet- 
als 6.  Filaments  flattened.  Carpidia  at 
first  united  into  an  oo-celled  ovary. 


(49) 

2.  Paeonia. — Sepals  5,  herbaceous,  carpidia 
distinct  from  the  beginning. 

3.  Aquilegia. — Sepals  petaloid.  Petals  fun- 
nel-shaped, calcarate. 

B.     Ovaries  1-ovulate,  indehiscent.  Fruit,  akenes. 

a.  ^Estivation  of  sepals  imbricate. 

1.  Ranunculus. — Petals  unguiculate,  claws 
shorter   than   the   lamina,  a    nectarium 
near  each  claw. 

2.  Myosurus. — Claws  of  the  petals  longer 
than  the  lamina. 

3.  Anemone. — Sepals   petaloid.     Petals   0. 
Thalamus  convex,  conical. 

4.  Thalictrum.     Sepals  petaloid.  Petals  0. 
Thalamus  flat,  discoid. 

b.  ^Estivation  of  sepals  valvate. 

1.     Clematis. — Sepals  4,  petaloid.  Petals   0. 

DIDYNAMIA. 
I.    Gymnospermia. 

A.  Stamens  and  style  enclosed.     An  interrupted 

ring  of  hairs  in  the  corolla   below  tlie  in- 
sertion of  the  stamens. 

1.      Marrubium. — Akenes  flat  at  their  tops. 

B.  Style   always   exserted.      An  uninterrupted 

ring  of  hairs  in  the  corolla  below  the  inser- 
tion of  the  stamens. 
3 


(50) 

a.  Calyx  %-labiate.     Stamens  parallel. 
1.      Prunella. — Calyx,  closed  in  fruit. 

b.  Calyx   5-dentate.     Stamens  parallel. 

1.  Stachys. — Calyx  5-10-nerved.     Lobes  of 
the  lower  lip  of  the  corolla  obtuse.    Sta- 
mens ascending. 

2.  Sphacele. — Calyx    reticulately    veined. 
Lobes  of  the  corolla  5,  all  obtuse.     Sta- 
mens ascending,     Shrub. 

c.  No  ring  of  hairs  in  the  corolla. 

1.  Scutellaria. — Upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
concave.  Stamens  close  together,  paral- 
lel. Calyx  2-labiate,  lips  entire. 

2  Mentha.—  Stamens  distant  and  divergent, 
but  straight.  Corolla  funnel-shaped,  4- 
cleft,  superior  lobe  emarginate. 

3.  Micromeria. — Calyx  teeth  nearly  equal. 
Stamens  ascending. 

4.  Monardella. — Stamens    straight,    diver- 
gent, exserted.     Cells  of  the  anthers  at 
length    also    divergent.     Corolla  lobes 
narrow. 

5.  Pycnanthemuin. — Stamens  straight,  dis- 
tant, divergent.     Cells   of   the   anthers 
parallel  to  the  last. 

6.  Pogogyne. — Stamens     ascending,     con- 
vergent in  pairs.     Style  villous.     Calyx 
deeply  5-cleft. 


(51) 

7.  Acanthomintha. — Lower  pair  of  stamens 
ascending.     Cells  of  the  anthers  divar- 
icate.    Calyx   2-  labiate,  teeth   spinose. 

8.  Lophanthus. — Upper   pair    of    stamens 
longer  and  declined,  lower  pair  shorter 
and  ascending.     Anther    cells  parallel. 
Calyx  15-nerved. 

9.  Trichostemma. — Stamens  long-exserted, 
lower  pair  longer.  Tube  of  corolla  slen- 
der; Iimb5-cleft,  lobes  oblong,  declined. 

II,    Angiospermia, 

A.  Base  of  the  anther  cells  mucronate. 

a.  Ovary    1 -celled  &-ovulate,   placenta 
parietal. 

1.  Anoplantlms. — Flowers   without   bract- 
lets.     Parasitic.     Chlorophyll  0. 

2.  Aphyllon. — Flowers       with      bractlets. 
Parasitic.     Chlorophyll  0. 

b.  Ovary  £ -celled,   cc-ovulate.     Fruit  1- 
cc-seeded.  / 

1.     Pedicularis. — Calyx   5-dentate,  superior 
lip  of  corolla  laterally  compressed. 

B.  Base  of  anther  cells  not  mucronate. 

a.     Ovary  1-celled.     Placenta    cc-seeded, 
central. 

1.      Limosella. — Calyx    5-dentate.     Corolla 
subregular. 


(52) 

b.     Ovary  2-celled. 

1.  Cordylanthus.— Calyx  spathaceous.  Cells 
of  anthers  distant  and  of  different  shape 
and  insertion.     Lips  of   corolla    short, 
upper  lip  laterally  compressed. 

2.  Orthocarpus. — Calyx   spathaceous,  cleft 
vertically.      Cells    of     anthers    distant 
and  of    different   shape   and   insertion. 
Corolla  lips  personate,  but  upper  lip  the 
smaller. 

3.  Castilleia. — Calyx  spathaceous,  cleft  ver- 
tically.     Cells   of   anthers   distant   and 
of   different   shape  and   insertion.     Co- 
rolla ringent,  the  upper  lip  the  larger. 

4.  Mimulus. — Stigma      dilated,      petaloid. 
Calyx  angular,  angles  carinate.    Placen- 
tas   of   the   capsule  remain   united   and 
only   separate    at    last   near   the   apex. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  membranaceous. 

5.  Mimetanthe. — Stigma  dilated,    petaloid. 

Calyx  campanulate,  not  angulate.     Cap- 
sule dehiscent  only  by  the  dorsal  suture. 

6.  Diplacus.  —  Stigma     dilated,     petaloid. 
Calyx  angular ;  angles  carinate.    Placen- 
tae of  the  capsule  meeting,  but  in  dehis- 
cence    separating    their  whole    length. 
Valves  of  the  capsule  coriaceous.     Tube 
of  the  corolla  funnel-shaped. 


(53) 

7.  Eunanus.  —  Stigma     dilated,     petaloid. 
Calyx  angular,  angles  carinate.     Placen- 
ta? of  the  capsule  separate  in  dehiscence 
for   their   whole   length.     Tube    of   co- 
rolla slender,  filiform. 

8.  Collinsia. — Stigma  small.     Corolla  per- 
sonate, lower  lip  3-lobed,  middle  lobe 
laterally    compressed,   carinate,    hiding 
the  stamens. 

9.  Scrophularia. — Stigma    small.       Corolla 
short,  globular.     Middle  lobe  of  lower 
lip  reflexed. 

10.  Pentstemon.  — Stigma    small.      Corolla 
ringent.    One  sterile  stamen  besides  the 
didynamous  ones. 

11.  Antirrhinum. — Corolla    personate,    sac- 
cate at  the  base.     Capsule  opening  by 
pores. 

12.  Linaria. — Corolla    personate,    calcarate. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  valves. 

13.  Lippia. — Calyx  2-cleft.     Cells   of   ovary 
1-seeded.     Fruit  drupaceous,  separating 
into  2  nutlets. 

c.     Ovary  ^-celled. 

1.     Verbena.  —  Cells    of     ovary    1-ovulate. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  splitting  into  4  parts. 


(54) 

TETRADYNAMIA, 

I.  Siliculosa, 

A.  Fruit  a  % -articulate  lomentum. 

1.  Cakile. — Both  articles  of  the  lomentum 
anceps. 

B.  Fruit  a  schizocarp. 

1.  Senebiera. — Silicula  2-seeded,  margin 
not  winged. 

C.  Fruit  an  indehiscent  silicula. 

1.  Thysanocarpus. — Silicula  1-seeded,  mar- 
gin winged. 

D.  Silicula   regularly  dehiscent,   dor  sally  com- 

pressed, septum  narrow. 

1.  Lepidium. — Cells  1-seeded. 

2.  Capsella. — Cells  oo-seeded. 

E.  Silicula  regularly  dehiscent,  laterally  com- 

pressed, septum  broad. 

1.     Alyssum. — Cells  1-4-ovulate. 

II.  Siliquosa, 

A.  Siliqua  indehiscent. 

1.     Eaphanus. — Siliqua  moniliform. 

B.  Siliqua  regularly  dehiscent. 

1.  Cardamine. — Siliqua  laterally  com- 
pressed. Valves  linear]  without  nerves. 
Ovules  in  each  cell  oo?  1-seriate. 


(55) 

2.  Nasturtium.  —  Siliqua     linear.      Valves 
without  nerves.     Ovules  in  each  cell  oo, 
2-seriate. 

3.  Cheiranthus. — Siliqua     laterally     com- 
pressed.     Septum    broad.      Valves    1- 
nerved.     Ovules  in  each  cell  1-seriate. 
Lateral  sepals  saccate.     Petals  unguicu- 
late. 

4.  Caulanthiis. — Siliqua    terete,    valves    1- 
nerved.     Ovules   in   each  cell  1-seriate 
Lateral  sepals  saccate.    Petals  undulate. 

5.  Streptanthus.  —  Siliqua     laterally    com- 
pressed.    Valves   1-nerved.     Ovules    in 
each    cell   1-seriate.     All   sepals   equal. 
Petals  undulate. 

6.  Barbarea. — Siliqua    4-angular.      Valves 
concave,  1-nerved.     Ovules  in  each  cell 
1-seriate. 

7.  Erysimum. — Siliqua  4-angular.     Valves 
carinate,  1-nerved.     Ovules  in  each  cell 
1-seriate. 

8.  Tropidocarpum. — Siliqua  dorsally  com- 
pressed.     Valves     1-nerved,     carinate. 
Septum  very  narrow.     Ovules   in   each 
cell  2-seriate. 

9.  Arabis. — Siliqua    laterally   compressed. 
Valves  1-nerved.     Ovules  in   each   cell 
1-seriate.     Petals  not  undulate. 


(56) 

10.  Sisymbrium. — Siliqua  linear.     Valves  3- 
nerved,  concave.     Ovules   in   each  cell 
1-seriate. 

11.  Brassica.—  Siliqua  terete.     Valves  3-5- 
nerved,  concave.     Ovules   in   each  cell 
1-seriate. 

MONADELPHIA. 
I.   Triandria. 

1.     Sisyrinchium. 
n.   Pentandria. 

1.  Erodium. — Stamens     alternating    with 
staminodia. 

2.  Downingia. — Corolla    gamopetalous,  ir- 
regular. 

III.  Octandria. 
1.     Poly  gal  a. 

IV.  Decandria, 

1.  Erodium.  — Alternate    stamens    sterile. 
Fruit  5  akenes  with  persistent  styles. 

2.  Geranium. — Stamens  all   fertile.     Fruit 
5  akenes  with  persistent  styles. 

3.  Oxalis. — Styles  5.     Fruit  a  5-lobed  cap- 
sule. 

4.  Lupinus. — Corolla  papilionaceous. 

5.  Amorpha. — Corolla    represented     by    a 
single  petal.     Shrub. 


(57) 

V.    Polyandria, 

1.  Lavatera.  —  Calyx    double.       External 
calyx  3-6-cleft.     Shrub. 

2.  Malva. — Calyx  double.     External  calyx 
3-sepalous. 

3.  Sidalcea. — External    calyx   0.      Stigmas 
not  capitate. 

4.  Sphseralcea. — Stigmas    capitate.      Cells 
of  capsule  2-ovulate.     Shrub. 

5.  Sida. — Stigmas  capitate.     Cells   of  cap- 
sule 1-ovulate. 

DIADELPHIA, 

I,  Hexandria. 

1.     Dicentra. — Flowers  2-calcarate. 

II.  Octandria. 

1.     Polygala. — Flowers  irregular.     Ovary  2- 
celled.     Cells  1-ovulate. 

HI.    Decandria, 

A.     Sub-monadelphoris. 

1.  Lupinus. — Anthers    alternately    oblong 
and  reniform. 

2.  Amorpha. — Corolla  represented  by  a  sin- 
gle petal.     Shrub. 

3.  Psoralea. — Wings  of  the  corolla  united 
to  the  carina.     Ovary  sessile,  1-ovulate. 
Legume    indehisceut,  included    in    the 
calyx. 

3A 


(58) 

"B.     Genuinely  diadelplious. 

a.  Style  not  pilose. 

1.  Hosackia. — Petals  unguiculate.     Carina 
rostrate. 

2.  Trifolium. — Petals  persistent,  aclnate  to 
the  stamineal  tube. 

3.  Psoralea. — Wings  of  the  corolla  adnate 
to  the  carina.     Ovary  sessile,  1-ovulate. 
Legume    indehiscent,    included    in    the 
calyx. 

4.  Glycyrrhiza. — Petals  not  adnate  to  the 
stamineal  tube.     Carina  2-petalous. 

5.  Astragalus. — Petals   not   adnate    to    the 
stamineal  tube.    Carina  blunt.    Legume 
imperfectly  2-celled. 

6.  Melilotus. — Petals  not  adnate  to  the  stam- 
ineal   tube.     Ovary   straight.     Legume 
globose. 

7.  Medicago. — Petals    not    adnate    to   the 
stamineal  tube.     Ovary  crescent-shaped. 
Legume  spiral. 

b.  Style  pilose. 

1.  Lathyrus. — Style  pilose  only  on  the  ven- 
tral side  which  is  flattened. 

2.  -Vicia. — Style  pilose  on  the  dorsal   side, 
or  all  around  the  apex.     Style  not  spi- 
ral. 


(59) 

POLYADELPHIA, 

1.  Hypericum.  —  Ovary    superior.      Calyx 
4-5-parted.      Petals    4-5.      Fruit    cap- 
sular. 

2.  Mentzelia. — Ovary  inferior.     Calyx  limb 
5-parted,  persistent.     Capsule  1-celled. 
Placentae  3,  parietal. 

SYNGENESIA, 
I,    JEqualis. 

A.     Flowers  ligulafe. 

a.     Pappus  plumose. 

aa.     Receptacle  paleaceous. 

1.     Hypochseris. — Palease  of  the   receptacle 
deciduous. 

bb.     Receptacle  not  paleaceous. 

1.  Microseris. — Pappus  paleaceous  at  base. 
Akenes  more  than  5-costate,  truncate  at 
apex.     Scapigerous. 

2.  Stephanomeria.  —  Pappus       setaceous, 
somewhat   plumose.     Akenes  5-costate, 
truncate  at  apex  and  base.     Caulescent. 

3,  Rafinesquia. — Bristles  of  pappus  arach- 
noid,    Akenes  rostrate, 

4,  Malacothrix, — Pappus  1 -seriate.  Bristles 
scabrous,    silky,    deciduous    in   a  ring, 
Apex  of  akenes  developed  into  a  crown, 


(60) 

5.  Troximon. — Pappus  capillary.     Bristles 
deciduous  singly,  not  in  a  ring.     Apex 
of  akenes  rostrate;  costae  smooth. 

6.  Taraxacum. — Pappus  capillary.    Bristles 
persistent,     Apex  of  akenes  elongated, 
rostrate;  costae  roughened. 

7.  Sonchus. — Akenes     flattened,    not    ros- 
trate.    Pappus  silky,  white, 

8.  Hieracium. — Akenes  terete,  not  rostrate, 
Pappus  brittle,  discolored. 

B.     Floivers  tubular. 

a.     Eeceptale  naked. 

aa,     Branches  of  the  style  club-shaped. 

1.  Adenostyles.  —  Involucre         1-seriate. 
Branches  of  the  style  filiform.     Pappus 
copious,  silky,  white. 

2.  Bulbostylis. — Involucre    imbricate,  2-3 
seriate.     Branches  of  the  style  filiform. 
Pappus  copious,  silky. 

bb.     Branches  of  the  style  flat  and  tipped 
with  an  appendix. 

aaa.     Parts  of  pappus  oo. 

1.  Bigelovia. — Involucre  imbricate.  Pap- 
pus 1-seriate,  capillary,  brownish  at  ma- 
turity. 


(61) 

2.  Aplopappus. — Involucre  imbricate.  Pap- 
pus 1-seriate.     Bristles  rigid. 

3.  Chrysopsis. — Involucre  imbricate.    Pap- 
pus 2-seriate,  internal  capillary,  external 
scaly. 

4.  Lessingia. — Kay-flowers    enlarged,    bnt 
not  ligulate. 

5.  Baccharis. — Dioecious.     Shrub. 

bbb.     Parts  of  pappus  definite  in  num- 
ber. 

1.  Pentachasta. —  Pappus     of      5-scabrous 
bristles,  shorter  than  the  corolla,  some, 
times  depauperate. 

2.  Grindelia. — Pappus  aristate. 

cc.     Branches  of  style  not  flat,    but   tap- 
ering, sometimes  with  an  appendix. 

aaa.     Scales  of  the  involucre  herbaceous. 

1.  Chaenactis. — Pappus  paleaceous. 

2.  Senecio. — Pappus  capillary. 

bbb.    Scales  of  the  involucre  scarious. 

1.  Artemisia. — Eeceptacle  slightly  convex. 
Pappus  0.     Akenes  obovate  with  small 
epigynous  disc. 

2.  Tanacetum. — Eeceptacle  slightly  convex. 
Pappus  0.      Akenes  costate  with  large 
epigynous  disc. 


(62) 

3.  Matricaria. — Eeceptacle  cylindrical,  hol- 
low. 

4.  Baccharis. — Dioecious. 

b.     Eeceptacle  paleaceous    or    setaceous. 

aa,     Branches  of  style  connected  near  the 
apex, 

1.  Cnicus. — Eeceptacle     densely     bristly. 
Bristles   of  the    pappus  plumose,   con- 
nected at  the  base  into  a  deciduous  ring. 
Filaments  of  stamens  distinct. 

2.  Silybum. —  Keceptacle    densely  bristly. 
Bristles  of  pappus  not  plumose,  1-seri- 
ate. 

3.  Carthamus. — Pappus  0. 

4.  Centaurea. — Eeceptacle  densely  bristly. 
Bristles  of  pappus  not  connected  at  their 
base  into  a  ring. 

bb.     Branches  of  style  entirely  distinct. 

1.  Bidens. —  Involucre    2-seriate,    external 
spreading,    internal    erect.     Pappus   of 
2-4  awns. 

2.  Madia. —  Pappus  0.     Eeceptacle   some- 
times only  paleaceous  near  the  ray  and 
naked  at  the  disc. 

II.    Superflua. 

A.     Receptacle  naked. 

a.  Anthers  obtuse,  at  their  base,  at  least  not 
calcarate. 


(63) 

aa.  Branches  of  the  style  flat  and  tipped 
with  an  appendix. 

aaa.  Parts  of  pappus  GO. 

1.  Bigelovia. —  Involucre  imbricate:   scales 
dry.     Pappus    1-seriate,     capillary,     at 
maturity  brownish.    Ray  flowers  yellow. 

2.  Aplopappus. — Involucre  imbricate, 
scales    foliaceous.       Pappus    1-seriate, 
bristles  rigid.     Bay  flowers  yellow. 

3.  Chrysopsis. — Involucre  imbricate.    Pap- 
pus 2-seriate,  internal  capillary,  external 
scaly.     Bay  flowers  yellow. 

4.  Lessingia,  —  Kay  flowers    enlarged  but 
not  ligulate. 

5.  Solidago. —  Involucre    imbricate,   scales 
foliaceous.     Pappus  silky.     Kay  flowers 
yellow. 

6.  Aster. — Involucre  imbricate,  scales  foli- 
aceous.    Kay  flowers  not  yellow,  1-seri- 
ate. 

7.  Erigeron. —  Involucre   imbricate,    scales 

foliaceous.      Kay     flowers    not  yellow, 
co-seriate. 

bbb.     Parts  of  pappus  definite  in  number, 

1.  Pentachseta. — Scales  of  involucre  not  her- 
baceous. Pappus  of  5  scabrous  bristles 
shorter  than  the  corolla,  sometimes  de- 
pauperate. Kays  yellow. 


(64) 

2.  Grindelia. — Scales  of  the  involucre  her- 
baceous.    Pappus   aristate.     Bays    yel- 
low. 

3.  Gutierrezia. — Scales  of  the  involucre  her- 
baceous.     Pappus     short,    paleaceous. 
Bays  yellow. 

bb.  Branches  of  the  style  not  flat  but  tapering, 
sometimes  with  an  appendix. 

1.  Coinogyne. — Involucre  regularly  imbri- 
cate.    Scales  broad. 

2.  Burriellia. — Involucre  consisting  of  3-5 
scales. 

3.  Baeria. — Scales  of  the  involucre  in  a  single 
series.      Beceptacle    conical,    minutely 
muricate.     Akenes  linear. 

4.  Eriophyllum  (Bahia). — Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre not  embracing  any  akenes.    Be- 
ceptacle convex   (not  conical).      Akeue 
linear,  with  large  terminal  areola. 

5.  Monolopia. — Scales  of  involucre  united 
at    base.      Beceptacle  conical.      Akeiie 
oblong,  with  small  terminal  areola. 

6.  Lasthenia. — Scales   of  involucre   united 
into  a  dentate  cup.     Receptacle  conical. 
Pappus  0. 

7.  Bigiopappus. — Scales   of   involucre  lin- 
ear.   Receptacle  flat.    Pappus  4-5  aris- 
tate scales. 


(65) 

8.  Helenium. — Scales  of  the  involucre  re- 
flexed.   Pappus  of  hyaline  scales.  Akenes 
turbinate,  costate. 

9.  Senecio. — Scales  of  the  involucre  1-seri- 
ate,  sometimes  calyctilate.     Pappus  ca- 
pillary, copious. 

10.  Arnica. — Scales  of  involucre  lanceolate, 
linear,  all  equal.  Pappus  capillary,  1- 
seriate. 

b.     Anthers  calcarate. 

1.  Pluchea. — Scales  of  involucre  imbricate, 
herbaceous. 

2.  Micropus. — Scales  of  involucre  scarious, 

?  flowers  enclosed  in  marginal  scales, 
which  are  laterally  compressed  and  con- 
duplicate.  Pappus  0. 

3.  Stylocline. — Scales  of  involucre  scarious. 
Eeceptacle  cylindrical.      ?   flowers  pro- 
tected by  carinate  scales. 

4.  Filago.— Scales    of    involucre   scarious. 
Scales  subtending    $    flowers  not  cari- 
nate. 

5.  Anaphalis. — Scales  of  involucre  scarious. 

$  flowers  filiform.  Style  of  $  flowers 
nearly  blunt. 

6.  Gnaphalium. — Scales  of  involucre  scari- 
ous.    ?  flowers  filiform.    JStyle  of  £  flow- 
ers 2-cleft. 


(66) 

B.     Receptacle  paleaceous. 

a.     Anthers   obtuse   or    sagittate   at   their 
base,  but  never  calcarate. 

aa.     Involucre  1-seriate  or  nearly  so. 

1.  Iva. —  ?  flowers  reduced   to   short  tubes 
embracing  the  base  of  the  style.      0  flow- 
ers: anthers  scarcely  connate. 

2.  Balsamorrhiza. — Akenes  of  the  disc  4-an- 
gular.     Pappus  0. 

3.  Wyethia. — Akenes  4-angular  or  laterally 
compressed.    Pappus  paleaceous,  crown- 
shaped. 

4.  Pugiopappus. — Akenes  villous.     Pappus 
2-aristate. 

5.  Leptosyne. — Akenes    naked,     margined. 
Pappus  almost  0. 

6.  Madia. — Involucre  in  a  simple  row,  each 
scale    wrapped   about   a  laterally  com- 
pressed akene.     Pappus  0. 

7.  Holozonia. — Involucre  in  a  simple  row, 
each    scale    completely     embracing   an 
akene.     Pappus  of  the  ray  akenes  hya- 
line, of  the  disc  generally  0. 

8.  Hemizonia. — Involucre     1-seriate,    each 
scale  embracing  with  its  base  half  of   a 
ray  akene.     Pappus  of  the  ray  0. 


(67) 

9.  Lagophylla. — Ray  flowers  5  in  number, 
cuneiform,  3-lobed.    Involucre  5  scales, 
each   entirely  embracing   a   ray  akene. 
Receptacle  flat. 

10.  Layia. — Capitulum  co-flowered.     Invo- 
lucre 1-seriate.    Scales  acuminate,  each 
entirely  enclosing  a  ray  akene.     Pappus 
of  the  ray  0. 

11.  Achyrachfjena. — Eay  flowers  short   and 
hidden    by  the   scales  of   the   1-seriate 
involucre.      Receptacle    naked    in    the 
centre,  paleaceous   toward   the  margin. 
Pappus    paleaceous.     Palejc    co-seriate, 
silvery. 

bb.     Involucre  imbricate. 

1.  Achillea. — Involucre    of    few   series    of 
scales.     Rays  short,  oval. 

2.  Anthemis. — Involucre  GO- seriate.    Rays 
long,  ligulate. 

b.     Anthers  calcarate. 

1.  Psilocarphus. — Scales  of    the    involucre 
few.     ?  flowers  each  wrapped  in  a  palea. 
Pappus  0. 

2.  Stylocline. — Scales  of  the  involucre  few. 

?  flowers  each  bracteate  by  a  carinate 
palea,  but  not  wrapped  in  it.  Pappus  a 
few  caducous  bristles. 


(68) 

3.  Evax. — Scales  of  the   involucre  1-2  ser- 
iate.    Pappus  0. 

4.  Filago. — Scales  of   tlie  involucre  imbri- 
cate.    Pappus  pilose. 

in.    Frustranea, 

1.  Corethrogyne. — Receptacle  naked. 

2.  Centaurea. — Receptacle  bristly. 

3.  Bideiis. — Palea3  of  the  receptacle  decidu- 
ous. 

4.  Helianthus. — Palese  of  the  receptacle  per- 
sistent.    Pappus  paleaceous,  caducous. 

5.  Helianthella.      Paleas  of  the   receptacle 
persistent.     Pappus   2  persistent  awns, 
besides  the  caducous  palese. 

IV,    Necessaria, 

A.     Receptacle  naked. 

a.     Anthers  obtuse  at  the  base,  at  least  not 
calcarate. 

aa.     Branches  of  the  style  of  the  ?  floioers 
flat  and  tipped  with  an  appendix. 

1     Erigeron. 

bb.     Branches,  of  the  style  not  flat,   but 
tapering,  sometimes  ivith  an  appendix. 

1.  Hemizonia. — Involucre  1-seriate,  each 
scale  with  its  base  half  embracing  a  ray 
akene.  Pappus  of  ray  0. 


(69) 

2.  Holozonia. — Involucre    1-seriate,    each 
scale  completely  embracing  a  ray  akene. 
Pappus  of  the  ray  hyaline. 

3.  Lagophylla. — Bay    flowers  5,  cuneiform, 
3-lobecl.      Involucre   of   5   scales,    each 
completely  enclosing  a  ray  akene.     Ke- 
ceptacle   flat.      Palete   5,    between   disc 
and  ray.     Pappus  0. 

4.  Blennosperma. — Scales   of  the  involucre 

1-seriate,  united  at   the   base,    not   em- 
bracing the  akene.     Pappus  0. 

5.  Artemisia. — Involucre    imbricate,    scar- 
ious.  Flowers  of  the  ray  slender,  dentate. 

6.  Soliva. — Flowers   of   the    ray  oo-seriate, 
without  corolla.     Pappus  0. 

7.  Nardosrnia. — Pappus  pilose. 

B.     Receptacle  villous. 

1.     Artemisia. 
G.     Receptacle  paleaceous. 

a.     Anthers    obtuse    or    sagittate   at  their 
base,  but  not  calcarate. 

1.  Lagophylla. — Rfty  flowers  5,  cuneiform, 
3-lobed.       Involucre    of   5    scales,    each 
completely  enclosing  a   ray  akene.     Re- 
ceptacle flat.     Palese  5,  between  disc  and 
ray.     Pappus  0. 

2.  Holozonia.  —  Involucre    1-seriate,    each 

scale  embracing  completely  a  ray  akene. 
Pappus  of  the  ray  hyaline. 


(70) 

3.  Heraizonia. — Involucre  1  -  seriate,  each 
scale  with  its  base  half  embracing  a  ray 
akene.     Pappus  of  ray  akene  0. 

4.  Madia. — Involucre    1-seriate,  each  scale 
completely  enwrapping  a  laterally  com- 
pressed ray  akene.     Pappus  0. 

b.  Anthers  almost  distinct. 
1.     Iva. 

c.  Anthers  calcarate. 

1.  Evax. — Scales  of  involucre  1 — 2-seriate. 
Pappus  0. 

2.  Stylocline. — Scales  of  involucre  very  few. 
Flowers  of  the  ray  bracteate  by  a  cari- 
nate   palea,  but   not   enwrapped   by  it. 
Pappus  a  few  caducous  bristles. 

3.  Psilocarphus. — Scales   of   the  involucre 
few.     Each   ray  flower  enwrapped  in  a 
palea.     Pappus  0. 

V,    Monogamia. 
1.     Downingia. 

QYNANDKIA, 
I,    Monandria, 

a.  Labellum  calcarate. 
1.     Habenaria. 

b.  Labellum  not  calcarate. 

1.     Epipactis. — Labellum  geniculate. 


(71) 

2.  Corallorhiza.     Labellum  not  geniculate, 
adnate  to  the  column.     Aphyllous  and 
and  without  chlorophyll. 

3.  Spiranthes. — Labellum    not  geniculate, 
embracing   the   column   with   its   base. 
Perigonium  oblique. 

II,  Diandria, 

1.     Cypripedium. 

III.  Hexandria. 

1.     Aristolochia. 

MONffiCIA, 

I,    Monandria, 

1.  Euphorbia.  —  Involucre     campanulate, 
sometimes  2-phyllous.     Flowers  umbel- 
late, androgynous.      $    flowers   without 
perigonium,  stipitate,  bracteate,  9   flow- 
ers single,  central.  Ovary  3-celled,  styles 
3,  each  2-cleft. 

2.  Zostera. — Spathe  elongated  into  a  lamina. 

Spadix    androgynous.     Ovary   1-celled, 
1-ovulate.     Fruit  a  nutlet.     Aquatic. 

3.  Lilsea. — Flowers   spicate.       $ ,    $  ,   and 
androgynous    spikes    present,     besides 
solitary  axillary  ?   flowers.     Aquatic. 

4      Najas.  —  Flowers  axillary,  solitary.      $ 
flowers  included  in  a  spathe:   $  flowers 
naked.        Ovary    1,     1-ovulate.      Fruit 
drupaceous.     Aquatic. 


(72) 

5.  Zannicliellia. — Flowers  axillary.   3  flower 
naked,   ?   flower  with,  campanulate  per- 
igonium.     Ovaries     4,    each    1-ovulate. 
Fruit  nutlets.     Aquatic. 

6.  Callitriche. — Flowers  axillary,  2-bracteo- 
late.     Ovary    4-celled;    cells   1-ovulate. 
Fruit  a  4-coccous  schizocarp.     Aquatic. 

II.  Diandria, 

1.  Pinus. — Anthers  sessile  on  the  bracts  of 
the  £  amentum.     Leaves  fasciculate  in 
a  sheath.     Coniferous. 

2.  Pseudotsuga. — Anthers    sessile    on    the 
bracts  of  the  $    amentum.     Leaves  dis- 
tichous.    Branchlets    smooth,    the  leaf 
scars  not  being  prominent.     Coniferous. 

3.  Fraxinus. — Flowers   paniculate.      Calyx 
obsolete,  4-cleft.     Fruit   a  1-seeded  sa- 
mara. 

III.  Triandria. 

1.  Typha. —  $  spike  and  ?  spike  cylindrical. 

6   spike  above  ?   spike.     Palese  0. 

2.  Sparganium. —  <5   spike  and    ?  glomeru- 
late.     Flowers   separated    by   a    palea- 
ceous perigonium.     Aquatic. 

3.  Carex. — Glumaceous.     Spikes  unisexual 
or  androgynous.     Spikelets  1-flowered. 

$  spikelet  an  external  palea;  ?  spike- 
let  with  2  palesB,  the  interior  one  trans- 
formed into  a  utricle  including  the 
1-seeded  ovary. 


(73) 

4.  Phoradendron. — Flowers  immersed  in  the 

racliis  of  articulate  spikes.  Perigonium 
3-lobed.  Ovary  inferior.  Fruit  a  berry. 
Parasitic. 

5.  Megarrhiza. — Flowers  complete.    $  flow- 
ers in  racemes,   ?  flower  solitary  in  the 
axilla  of  the  c$  raceme. 

IV,    Tetrandria, 

A.  Flowers  complete. 

1.  Ptelea.— Calyx  4-parted.  Petals  4.  Stam- 
ens alternate  with  the  petals.  Fruit  a 
2-seeded  samara.  Shrub.  Tree. 

B.  Flowers  perigoniate  in  $  and  ?  . 

1.  Urtica. —  ?    perigonium  2-sepalous. 

2.  Hesperocnide. —  ?  perigonium  gamosepa- 

lous. 

C.  Perigonium  0,  or  only  present  in  one  sex. 

1.  Cupressus. —  $  flowers :  anthers  attached 
to  a  peltate  bract.    Cone  globose".  Seeds 
angulate,  narrowly  winged.    Leaves  op- 
posite.    Coniferous. 

2.  Libocedrus. —  $  flowers :  anthers  attached 

to  a  peltate  bract.  Cone  oblong.  Wings 
of  the  seed  unequal.  Leaves  opposite. 
Coniferous. 


(74) 

3.  Sequoia. — Anthers  of  the    $  flowers  at- 
tached to  a  peltate  fyract.     Cone  ovate. 
Leaves  alternate.     Coniferous. 

4.  Alnus. —  $    flowers  with  3-4  cleft  peri- 
gonium.      ?  flowers:  perigonium  0. 

V.    Pentandria— Polyandria  . 

A.  Flowers  complete,  not  amentaceous. 

1.  Myriophyllum. —  $  flower:  stamens  8.   ? 
flower:   ovary   inferior,  4-celled,  4-ovu- 
late.     Aquatic. 

2.  Ptelea.— Calyx  5-parted.    Petals  5.    Sta- 
mens alternating  with  petals.     Style  1. 
Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.     Shrub. 

3.  Rhus. — Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.    Pet- 
als 5.     Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the 
petals.        Ovary       1-celled,      1-ovulate. 
Styles  3.     Fruit  a  drupe. 

4.  yEsculus. — Calyx    irregular,    gamosepa- 
lous.    Petals  5,  unguiculate.    Filaments 
ascending.      Ovary  3-celled.      Style   1. 
Cells  2-ovulate.     Fruit  a  1-seeded  cap- 
sule.    Shrub.     Tree. 

5.  Acer. — Stamens  8.     Ovary   2-celled,    2- 
lobed.     Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.     Tree. 

B.  Flowers  complete.      $  flowers  amentaceous. 
1.     Juglans. —  $  per igonium,  2-6  parted.    $ 

flowers   with   superior  4-dentate  calyx. 
Petals  4.     Tree. 


(75) 

C.     Floivers  incomplete  not  amentaceous. 

1.  Amarantus. —  Perigonium   3-5-sepalous. 
Fruit  a  circumscissile  capsule. 

2.  Atriplex. —  $  perigonium  5-sepalous.    $ 
perigonium  2-parted.     Stigmas  2.    Fruit 
a  compressed  utricle. 

3.  Ceratophyllum. —  $  perigonium  co-sepa- 
lous.     Anthers  sessile.    Ovary  of  the  $ 
flower  1-celled,  1-ovulate.     Fruit  a  nut- 
let with  persistent  style.     Aquatic. 

4.  Eremocarpus. —  $  perigonium  5-6  part- 
ed.     $    perigonium  0.    Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovulate.     Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule. 

5.  Xanthium. —  $    inflorescence:  involucre 

oo-phyllous,  oo-flowered.  Perigonium 
5-dentate.  ?  inflorescence:  involucre 
garnophyllous,  2-flowered.  Fruit  a  pseu- 
docarp  enclosed  in  the  indurated  invol- 
ucre. 

6.  Ambrosia. —  $    inflorescence:   involucre 
gamophyllus,    co-flowered.      ?    -inflores- 
cence:   involucre    gamophyllus,   1-flow- 
ered.     Spines  of  the  involucre  1-seriate. 

7.  Franseria. —  $    inflorescence:    involucre 
gamophyllus,    co-flowered.     ?    inflores- 
cence:    involucre     gamoyhyllous,    1-4- 
flowered.    Spines  of  the  involucre  co-se- 
riate. 


(76) 

8.  Iva. — Involucre  gamophyllus.     Head  an- 
drogynous.     $    flowers    funnel-shaped, 
central;    ?   flowers  tubular,  peripheral. 

9.  Platanus. — Flowers  without  perigonium, 
densely  capitulate  on  a  globose  recep- 
tacle.    Tree. 

D.  Flowers  incomplete;  $  flowers  amentaceous. 

Stamens  inserted  on  a  perigonium. 

1.  Castanopsis. — Involucre  of  $  flowers  1-3- 

flowered,    afterward   enclosing   the   nut 
in  the  shape  of  a  prickly  burr. 

2.  Quercus. — Involucre  of  ?  flowers  1 -flow- 
ered, surrounding   the  base   of  the   nut 
in  the  shape  of  a  cup.    Trees.     Shrubs. 

E.  Flowers  incomplete.      $  flowers  or  both  ? 

and  $  ,  amentaceous.    Stamens  inserted 
on  bract. 

1.  Corylus. — Fruit   a  nut,  inclosed  in  a  2- 
cleft,  laciniate  involucre. 

2.  Myrica. —  ?  flowers  amentaceous.    Fruit, 
drupaceous  nutlets.     Involucre  0.  Tree. 

DICE  CIA, 
I.    Diandria. 

1.  Salix.  —  Amentaceous.      Perigonium   0. 
Fruit  an  co-seeded  capsule.     Shrub. 

2.  Fraxinus. — Flowers   paniculate.      Calyx 
obsolete,    4-cleft.       Fruit    a    1-seeded 
samara.     Tree. 


(77) 

II.    Triandria. 

1.  Salix. — Amentaceous.       Perigonium    0. 
Shrub.     Tree. 

2.  Phoradendron. — Flowers     immersed    in 

the  rachis  of  an  articulate  spike. 
Perigonium  3-lobed.  Anthers  2-celled 
dehiscent  by  2  pores.  Berry  globose, 
1-seeded. 

3.  Arceuthobium. —  $  perigonium  3-lobed. 

?  2-dentate.  Anthers  1-celled,  dehis- 
cent by  a  slit.  Berry  compressed,  1- 
seeded. 

4.  Atriplex. —  $      perigonium     3-sepalous. 

$   2-parted.     Fruit  a  utricle. 

5.  Amarantus. — Perigonium  3-parted. 
Fruit  a  capsule  with  circumscissile  de- 
hiscence. 

6.  Brizopyrum    (Distichlis). — Glumaceous. 
Inferior  glume  co-nerved. 

7.  Poa. — Glumaceous.     Inferior   glume    1- 
nerved. 

Ill,    Tetrandria. 

1.  Urtica.  —  6      flowers      4-sepalous.       9 
flowers  2-sepalous.     Stigma  penicillate. 

2.  Negundo. — Perigonium  depauperate,  4- 
cleft.     Ovary  2-lobed,   2-celled.      Fruit 
a  2-seeded  samara.     Tree. 

3.  Ptelea. — Calyx  4-5  sepalous.     Petals  4. 
Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.     Tree. 


(78) 

4.  Garrya. — Flowers  amentaceous.  Bracts 
decussate,  connate  in  pairs.  $  flowers 
4-parted.  Perigonium  of  $  flowers  ru- 
dimentary. Styles  2.  Fruit  a  berry. 
Tree. 

IV,    Pentandria, 

1.  Rhus. — Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.    Pet- 
als  5.      Stamens   alternating   with    the 
petals.    Ovary  1-celled,  1-seeded.   Styles 
3.    Fruit  a  drupe.     Tree.     Shrub. 

2.  Ptelea. — Calyx  5-parted,  petals  5.     Sta- 
mens alternating  with  the  petals.     Style 
1.     Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.    Tree. 

3.  Ehamnus.  —  Calyx    4-cleft.      Petals    0. 
Stamens  alternating  with  the  partitions 
of    the    calyx.      Fruit    2-4-celled,  2-4- 
seeded.     Shrub. 

4.  Vitis. — Calyx  obsolete.    Petals  inserted 
on  a  disc,  coherent  at  their  apex,  and 
deciduous  at  their  base.    Fruit  baccate. 

5.  Negundo. — Perigonium  depauperate,  5- 
cleft.     Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled.      Fruit 
a  2-seeded  samara.     Tree. 

6.  Juniperus.  —  3     flowers     amentaceous. 
Stamens  adnate  to  the  base  of  a  scale. 
?  flowers  amentaceous.    Ovules  naked,  2 
adnate  to  the  base  of  each  bract.    Fruit 
a  galbulus. 


(79) 

7.  Atriplex. —  $  perigonium  5-sepalous.    ? 
perigonium  2-parted.     Fruit   a  utricle. 

8.  Amarantus.  —  Perigonium     5-sepalous. 
Fruit  a  capsule  with  circumscissile  de- 
hiscence. 

V.  Hexandria. 

1.      Eumex. —  Ovary      1-celled,      1-seeded. 
Styles  3.    Stigma  plumose. 

VI.  Octandria, 

1.     Populus. — Amentaceous.    ?  flowers  cup- 
shaped.     Fruit  an  oo-seeded  capsule. 

VII.  Dodecandria, 

1.  Nuttallia. — Flowers  complete.     Ovaries 
5.    Fruit  1-5  drupes.     Shrub. 

2.  Hendecandra  (Croton). —  $  perigonium 
5-cleft.      ?    perigonium  3-cleft.     Ovary 
3-celled.     Fruit  a  3-coccous  capsule. 

VIII.  Icosandria. 

1.  Nuttallia. — Flowers  complete.  Shrub. 

2.  Torreya. —  $    flowers  amentaceous.      ? 
flowers   single,  ovule   naked,  immersed 
in  an  urceolate  arillus,  in  fruit  simulat- 
ing a  drupe.     Coniferous. 

IX.  Polyandria. 

1.     Thalictrum. 

X.  Syngenesia. 

1.     Baccharis.     Shrub. 


(80) 


SYNOPSIS   OF  GENERA   AND  SPECIES. 


Vascular  Plants. 

CLASS  1.     PHANEKOGAM^E. 

Sub-Class  1.    ANGIOSPERM.^. 

DIVISION  1.     DICOTYLEDONES. 

SERIES  1.     TETKACYCLIC^. 

Plants  with  a  tendency  to  arrangement  of  the 
floral  parts  in  4  well-defined  circles,  and 
with  a  well  established  numeric  (quinary) 
law. 

Sub-Series  1.     GAMOPETAKSE. 
(Petals  Consolidated.) 

Section  ANISOCARPJS.  Number  of  carpidia 
less  than  5. 

Sub-Section  1.     EPIGYN.E. 

ORDER  1- SYNANDB^.  Stipules  0.  Fila- 
ments flattened. 

Family  1,    COMPOSITE. 

Inflorescence  capitulate.  Calyx  changed  into 
a  pappus.  Anthers  syngenetic.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  1-seeded;  fruit  an  akene. 


(81) 

Sub-Family  1.      Tubuliflorce. 
Flowers,  at  least  of  the  disc,  tubular. 

Tribe  1.     ASTEROIDE.E. 

Anthers  without  tails.  Style  branches  of 
disc-flowers,  flat,  with  an  appendix.  Leaves 
alternate. 

a.     Parts  of  the  pappus  of  definite  number. 

1.    Gutter rezia  Lag. 

Superflua.  Heads  few-flowered.  Ray -flowers 
about  3,  ligulate;  disc-flowers  about  5.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  coriaceous,  imbricate,  their 
tips  green,  reflexed.  Akenes  terete.  Pappus 
of  about  9,  paleaceous  scales. — 11 .  ^  .  Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  G.  CALIFOBNICA.  Torr.  &  Gray.  Suffru- 
tescent ;  leaves  linear. — Dry  river  beds.— 
Sonoma.  Livermore.  Summer. 

2,    Grindelia  Willd.         GUM-PLANT. 

Superflua.  JEqualis.  Head  oo-flowered.  Bay- 
flowers  ligulate,  1-seriate.  Scales  of  the  hem- 
ispherical involucre  in  several  series,  their 
green  tips  squarrose.  Akenes  compressed. 
Pappus  aristate. 

Resinous  herbs;  flower  buds  before  opening, 
bearing  a  drop  of  milky -looking  resin. —  It .  ^  . 
Flowers  yellow. 

4A 


(82) 

1.  G.  HIBSUTULA.   Hook.     Hirsutely    pubes- 
cent.—Dry  hillsides.     Common.     Summer. 

An  infusion  of  the  herb  has  been  recom- 
mended against  asthma  by  the  Californians  of 
Spanish  descent. 

2.  G.  GLUTINOSA  Dunal.      Glabrous;  scales 
of  the  involucre  with  short  tips;  awns  of  the 
pappus  5  or  more. — Livermore.     Summer. 

3.  G.  CUNEIFOLIA   Nutt.     Glabrous;    scales 
of    the    involucre   squarrose   from   the   base; 
awns  of  the  pappus  5  or  more;   leaves  clasp- 
ing, obtuse. — Salt  marshes  at  Alvarado.    Sum- 
mer. 

4.  G.  ROBUST  A   Nutt.     Glabrous;   scales  of 
involucre  squarrose  from  the  base;  awns    of 
the  pappus  less  than  5;  leaves  clasping,  acute. 
Salt  marshes.   Common.    Summer.     Has  been 
recommended  against  the   eczema  caused  by 
Ehus — (Poison  oak.) 

3.    Pentachseta  Nutt. 

Superflua.  .ZEqualis.  Ray-flowers  variable, 
or  altogether  wanting.  Scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  scarious  on  the  margin  and  tip, 
loosely  imbricate  in  about  two  series.  Recep- 
tacle convex.  Pappus  about  5  scabrous  bris- 
tles shorter  than  the  disc-corolla,  sometimes 
depauperate. — 0.  Small  vernal  herbs. 

1.  P.  BELLIDIFLORA  Greene.  Peduncles 
glabrous;  ray-flowers  white. — Corte  Madera. 


(83) 

2.  P.  EXILIS    Gray.    Stem  erect;  peduncles 
villous;    ray -flowers   0;     disc-flowers    purple. 
Marin  County. 

3.  P.  ALSINOIDES     Greene.      Stem  diffuse, 
much  branched;  capitula  almost  sessile  in  the 
axillae  of  branches;  ray-flowers  0;  disc-flowers 
purple. — Marin  County. 

b.   Parts  of  the  pappus  GO. 
4,    Lessingia    Cham. 

.ZEqualis.  Superflua.  Ray-flowers  with  pal- 
mate limb.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes 
compressed,  silky-villous;  pappus  1-seriate; 
bristles  oo,  scabrous,  rigid. — 0 

1.  L.  GERMANOBUM  Cham.     Limb   of    ray- 
flowers  unequally  lobed;  stems  spreading  on 
the  ground;  lower  leaves  spathulate,  pinnati- 
fid;  flowers  yellow. — Sandhills.  San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

2.  L.  KAMULOSA     Gray.     Limb   of  the  ray- 
flowers  unequally  lobed;  stem  erect,  diffusely 
branched;  leaves    not  pinnatifid;  flowers  pur- 
ple.— Marin  County.     Summer. 

3.  L.  LEPTOCLADA  Gray.    Limb  of  ray-flow- 
ers  equally  lobed;  stem  erect;  branches  fili- 
form, terminated  by  the  capitula;  flowers  pur- 
ple, white. — Nicasio.     Summer. 


(84) 

5.    Chrysopsis  Nutt.    GOLDEN  ASTER. 

Superflua.  ^Equalis.  Head  oo-flowered;  ray- 
flowers  ligulate.  Akenes  compressed;  pappus 
2-seriate;  outer  row  short  paleaceous  scales, 
inner  row  long  scabrous  bristles. — It .  Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  C.   SESSILIFLORA  Nutt.  Capitula  radiate . 
Tamalpais.     Summer. 

2.  C.  OBEGANA    Gray.     Oapitula  not  rad- 
iate.— Livermore.     Autumn. 

6.    Aplopappus  Cass. 

Superflua.  2Equalis.  Head  oo-flowered. 
Bay-flowers  ligulate.  Bristles  of  the  pappus 
oo.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  A.  LINEABIFOLIUS  DO.     Kays  more  than 
9. —  ^  .     Contra  Costa  mountains.    Summer. 

2.  A.  ERICOIDES    Hook.      Ray-flowers    less 
than  10. —  ^  .  Sand  hills.    San  Francisco.  Sum- 
mer. 

7,    Bigelovia  DC. 

JEqualis.  Superflua  by  a  single  ray-flower. 
Head  few-flowered.  Keceptacle  narrow.  Pap- 
pus 1-seriate;  bristles  oo.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  ABBOBESCENS  Gray.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  irregularly  imbricate  and  not  in  dis- 
tinct ranks. —  ^  .  Tamalpais.  Summer. 


(85) 

8,    SolidagO  k.       GOLDEN  ROD. 

Superflua.  Head  co-flowered.  Kay-flowers 
ligulate,  few,  distant  from  each  other.  Akenes 
terete,  oo-costate;  pappus  of  GO,  capillary 
bristles. — 2£.  Autumn.  Suffrutescent  plants, 
with  long  rod-like  branches.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  OCCIDENTALIS  Nutt.     Stem  branching. 
It-     Moist  places.     Summer. 

2.  S.  CALIFORNICA.    Nutt.    Stem  single ;  the 
whole  plant  pubescent. — If.  Moist  sand.  Sum- 
mer. 

3.  S.  SEMPEEVIEENS   L.     Stem   simple;    the 
plant  completely  glabrous. — U-     Salt  marshes 
near  San   Francisco.     Autumn. 

All  Solidago  species  seem  to  be  possessed  of 
diuretic  powers.  S.  Virgaurea,  a  European 
species,  formerly  officinal,  is  still  in  use  as  a 
domestic  remedy. 

9,    Corethrogyne  DC. 

Frustranea.  Head  co-flowered;  ray -flowers 
co,  1-seriate;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate; 
style  appendages  of  disc-flowers  with  tuft-like 
bristles;  pappus  of  simple,  unequal  rigid  bris- 
tles.— 2£.  Ray-flowers  blue,  purple;  habit  of 
aster. 

1.  C.  OBOVATA  Benth.  Contra  Costa  range. 
Marin  County.  Summer. 


(86) 

10.    Aster  (Nees.) 

Superflua.  Head  cc-flowered.  Kay-flowers 
1-seriate,  ligulate.  Scales  of  involucre  imbri- 
cate. Style  appendages  triangular-lanceolate 
to  subulate.  Pappus  of  copious  capillary,  scab- 
rous bristles.  —  2£ .  Ray-flowers  rose-color, 
white,  blue. 

1.  A.  RADULINUS  Gray.    Pappus  rigid;  some 
of  the  bristles  thickened  toward  the  top;  rays 
white. —  2£.    Berkeley.     Autumn. 

2.  A.  CHAMISSONIS  Gray.    Pappus  soft;  stem 
glabrous,  erect  and  branching,  leafy;  involucre 
imbricate,  its  scales  with  green  tips;  ray-flow- 
ers violet. —  2f.     San   Francisco    at  the  ceme- 
tery.    Autumn. 

3.  A.  DIVABICATUS  Nutt.     Pappus  soft;  stem 
glabrous,  diffusely  branched;  branches  slender; 
involucre   imbricate,    its  scales  with   scarious 
margins. — 0.     Salt   marshes,    San  Francisco. 
Autumn. 

11.    ErigeronL-       FLEA-BANE. 

Superflua.  Necessaria.  Head  co-seriate,  lig- 
ulate; scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  linear. 
Pappus  scanty  of  scabrous,  capillary  bristles. 

I.E.  STENOPHYLLUS  Nutt.  Stem  leafy;  leaves 
linear,  scabrous,  deep  green;  rays  purple. — 11 . 
Livermore.  Autumn. 


(87) 

2.  E.  GLAUCQS  Ker.  Kadical  leaves  differing 
from  cauline,  glaucous,  entire,  succulent;  ray 
purple. — 2£.  Seashore.   Summer.  Autumn. 

3.  E.    PHILADELPHICUS  L.  Leaves  irregularly 
dentate;   ray -flowers   narrow,    numerous,   red- 
dish.— !£.  Colma.    Berkeley.    Autumn. 

4.  E.  CANADENSIS    L.      Leaves    numerous, 
small,  rays  inconspicuous,  whitish. — 0.  Waste 
grounds.     Common.     Summer.     Autumn. 

12.    Baccharis  L. 

Dioecious.  Head  without  rays.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  oc-seriate,  imbricate.  6  corolla 
tubular  with  5-cleft  limb.  Pappus  capillary, 
1-seriate.  ?  corolla  filiform,  truncate.  Pap- 
pus copious,  capillary. 

1.  B.  PILULARIS   DC.  Leaves   sessilo   cune- 
iform, sinuately  dentate;  flowers  whitish. —  £. 
Summer.     Autumn.      Common. 

2.  B.  DOUGLASII   DC.      Glutinous;     leaves 
lanceolate,  acute,  distinctly  3-nerved;  capitula 
in  a  compound,  terminal  corymb;  receptacle 
conical. — 2£.      Moist    sand.      San   Francisco. 
Summer. 

3.  B.  VIMINEA   DC.       Shrub  with  the   as- 
pect of  a  willow;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  cap- 
itula in  terminal  corymbs  and  racemes,  recep- 
tacle flat. —  ^ .    Kiver-bed,  Niles.    Livermore. 
Summer.     Autumn. 


(88) 


Tribe  II. 

Anthers  with  tails,  sagittate.  Style  bran- 
ches without  appendages. 

13,    Pluchea  Cass.        MARSH-FLKABANK. 

Superflua.  Necessaria.  Head  co-flowered. 
$  flowers  oo  -seriate,  tubular.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  cc-seriate,  ovate,  imbricate.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  naked.  Pappus  1-seriate. 

1.  P.  CAMPHORATA  DC.     Flowers  rose-color. 

—  0.     Salt  marshes.     Autumn. 

14,    Adenocaulon  Hook. 

Necessaria.  Head  few-flowered,,  all  the  flow- 
ers tubular,  Anthers  sagittate,  not  tailed. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  5,  1-seriate,  herbaceous, 
at  last  reflexed.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Akenes  exserted,  obovate,  glandular  near  the 
summit;  pappus  0.  —  It.  Flowers  pale. 

1.  A.  BICOLOE  Hook.  —  Redwoods.  Summer. 
15,  Micropus  L. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Head  of  few  flow- 
ers, all  tubular.  35,?  5,  embraced  by  the 
scales  of  the  two-seriate  involucre.  Recepta- 
cle narrow,  naked.  Akenes  falling  off  with  the 
embracing  scales  of  the  involucre.  Pappus  0. 

—  0.     Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  M.  CALIFORNICUS  Fisch.  &  Meyer.  Low 
woolly  herb.  Common.  Spring. 


(89) 

16,    Psilocarphus  Nutt. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered. 
£  flowers  few,  tubular,  5-dentate.  9  flowers 
oo-seriate,  filiform,  each  wrapped  in  a  palea. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  few,  scarious.  Recep- 
tacle  convex,  paleaceous  externally,  naked  in 
the  center.  Akenes  enveloped  in  the  palea). 
Pappus  0. — 0.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  P.  OREGANUS  Nutt.    Covered  with  loose, 
white   wool;   akenes  cylindrical. — Low  ground 
near  creeks.     Spring. 

2.  P.  TENELLUS   Nutt.       Covered    with    ap- 
pressed    grey   wool.     Akenes   fusiform. — Low 
ground  near  creeks.     Spring. 

17.    Evax  Gaertn. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered. 
£  flowers  tubular,  few —  9  flowers  co-seriate, 
filiform.  Scales  of  the  involucre  few,  1-2- 
seriate,  scarious.  Eeceptacle  elongate  (like 
the  axis  of  a  spike),  paleaceous  externally, 
naked  in  the  center  with  the  $  flowers.  Pap- 
pus 0. — 0.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  E.  CAULESCENS  Gray. — Woolly  annual. 
Gravelly  alluvium.  San  Rafael.  Spring. 

18,    Filago  L- 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered.  £  flowers 
tubular,  4-dentate.  ?  flowers  co-seriate, 
filiform;  external  rows  hidden  between 


(90) 

the  scales  of  the  involucre  and  the  palese. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  sim- 
ilar to  the  palese.  Receptacle  elongate  (like 
the  axis  of  a  spike).  Pappus  of  oo,  capillary 
bristles,  depauperate  towards  the  periphery. 
External  row  ?;  pappus  pilose.  0.  Flowers 
inconspicuous. 

1.  F.  CALIFORNICA  Nutt.  Woolly  annual. 
Common.  Spring. 

19.    Anaphalis  DC.       PEABLY-EVEBLASTING. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Head  oo -flowered. 
£  tubular,  5-dentate;  style  scarcely  divided, 
blunt;  ?  flowers  oo-seriate,  filiform.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricate,  oo-seriate,  radiating; 
external  rows  ovate;  internal  rows  longer  and 
narrower.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  1- 
seriate,  capillary,  its  bristles  scabrous  and  dis- 
tinct at  base. — It. 

1.  A.  MARGARITACEA  Benth.  &  Hook. — Com- 
mon. Summer. 

20,    Gnaphaliuml  I*.        EVERLASTING. 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered;  $  flowers 
tubular,  5-dentate.  Style  2-cleft.  ?  flowers 
filiform,  co-seriate;  involucre  ovate.  Scales 
imbricate,  8-seriate,  scarious;  as  long  as  the 
head.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Pappus  of  1- 
seriate,  capillary  bristles.  Flowers  pale. 


(91) 

1.  G.  MICBOCEPHALUM  Nutt.       Bristles    of 
pappus  not  united  at  their  base  into  a  ring; 
involucre   mainly    scarious,    decidedly  imbri- 
cate;  leaves   but     slightly    decurrent;   white- 
woolly;     involucre     turbinate. — It-       Contra 
Costa. 

2.  G.  SPKENGELII  Hook.  &  Arn.      Bristles 
of  pappus  not  united  at  their  base  into  a  ring; 
involucre    mainly   scarious,    decidedly  imbri- 
cate;  leaves   but   slightly     decurrent,    white- 
woolly;   involucre  hemispherical. — 0.     Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

3.  G.  DECUBBENS  Ives.     Bristles  of  pappus 
not  united  at  their  base  into  a  ring;  involucre 
mainly  scarious,  decidedly   imbricate;   leaves 
decidedly  decurrent,   glandular,    white-woolly 
only    underneath;     involucre      conipanulate. 
Smell  of  the  plant  like  liquorice. — 0.     Sand- 
hills.   San  Francisco.     Summer. 

4.  G.  BAMOSISSIMUM  Nutt.      Bristles     of 
pappus  not  united  at  their  base  into  a  ring; 
involucre  mainly  scarious,    decidedly   imbri- 
cate; leaves  decidedly  decurrent,  linear,  invo- 
lucre turbinate.  Smell  of  the  plant  like  liquor- 
ice.— 0.     Sand  dunes.     Saucelito.     Summer. 

5.  G.  PALUSTBE  Nutt.     Bristles   of   pappus 
not  united  at  their  base  in  a  ring;  scales  of  in- 
volucre woolly,  only  scarious  at  their  tips,  all 
nearly  of  the  same  length. — 0 .  Moist  grounds. 
Common.     Summer. 


(92) 

6.  G.  PUEPUEEUM  L.  Bristles  of  pappus 
united  at  the  base  into  a  ring. — It.  Near  salt 
marshes.  Common.  Summer. 

Tribe  III.     AMBBOSLE. 

Anthers  of  £  or  <3  flowers  distinct,  not  syn- 
genetic.  Style  abortive,  truncate.  Corolla  of 
?  flowers  rudimentary  or  0;  pappus  0. 

21,    IvaL, 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Headoo-flowered;  S 
or  £  flowers  oo,  tubular,  5-lobed;  ?  flowers  few, 
5-dentate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  3  to  4,  ovate. 
Paleae  of  the  receptacle  linear. — It. 

1.  I.  AXILLAEIS.  Pursh. — Near  the  seacoast. 
Summer. 

22,    Ambrosia  DC.       RAGWEED. 

Monoecious.  $  head  oo-flowered;  scales  of 
the  involucre  united  into  a  cup;  receptacle  flat, 
naked;  ?  head  1-flowered.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre united  into  a  cup.  Corolla  0.  Akenes 
enclosed  in  the  persistent  involucre. 

1.  A.  AETEMISI^FOLIA  L.     Leaves  all  bipin- 
natifid. — 0.     Cultivated  grounds.     Summer. 

2.  A.  PSILOSTACHYA  DC.     Upper  leaves  pin- 
natifid,  lower    bipinnatifid. — It-     Cultivated 
grounds.     Summer. 


(93) 

23,    Franseria  Cav. 

Monoecious.  $  head  co-flowered.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  united  into  a  cup.  Palese  of  the 
flat  receptacle  filiform.  ?  head  1-,  sometimes 
2-4-flowered.  Scales,  of  the  involucre  united 
into  a  cup;  if  the  cup  be  more  than  1-flowered, 
forming  as  many  cells  as  there  are  flowers. 
Involucre  armed  with  cc  rows  of  spines.  Akenes 
enclosed  in  the  persistent  involucre. — It. 

1.  F.  BIPINNATIFIDA  Less.     Leaves  2-3-pin- 
nately  divided. — Sand  dunes,  San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

2.  F.  CHAMISSONIS  Less.     Leaves  cuneate  to 
ovate,  obtusely  serrate,   the  lower  sometimes 
laciniate. — Sand  dunes,  San  Francisco.     Sum- 
mer. 

24,    Xanthium  Tourn.       COCKLEBUR. 

Monoecious.  3  head  co-flowered.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  1-seriate,  distinct.  Keceptacle 
cylindrical,  paleaceous.  ?  head  2-flowered. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  cup,  armed 
with  hooked  spines.  Corolla  filiform.  Akenes 
enclosed  in  the  persistent  involucre. — 0. 

1.  X.  STRUMARIUM  L.     Leaves  green  on  both 
sides,    scabrous,    irregularly   serrate.  —  Road- 
sides.    Common.     Summer. 

2.  X.  SPINOSUM  L.     Leaves  whitish  beneath, 
most  of  them  deeply  lobed. — Waste  grounds. 
Common.     Summer. 


(94) 

Tribe  IV.     HELI ANTHER. 
Anthers  without  tails.     Receptacle  paleace- 
ous,    Pappus  not  capillary. 

a.     PalecB  persistent. 

25.    Balsamorrhiza  Hook.  Nutt. 

Superflua.  Head  oo  -flowered.  Bay -flowers 
lanceolate.  Receptacle  flat,  paleaceous.  Pap- 
pus 0. — 11  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  DELTOIDEA  Nutt.      Leaves  with    cor- 
date base,  entire  to  serrate. — Niles.      Spring. 

2.  B.  Hookeri.     Nutt.      Leaves    pinnately 
or  bipinnately  parted. — Hillsides    near  Lake 
Chabot.     Spring. 

26.    Wyethia  Nutt. 

Superflua.  Head  co-flowered ;  ray-flowers 
lanceolate.  Scales  of  the  involucre  2 — 3-seri- 
ate:  external  foliaceous;  internal  paleaceous. 
Receptacle  flat,  paleaceous.  Pappus  cup-shaped 
*or  aristate. — If.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  W.  HELENIOIDES  Nutt.      Involucre   folia- 
ceous, spreading;     pappus  chaffy,  not  aristate; 
young    plant    tomentose;     akenes  pubescent 
towards    the   apex. — Dry   hillsides.      Mission 
Dolores.     Spring. 

2.  W.  GLABRA  Gray.     Involucre  foliaceous, 
spreading;  pappus  chaffy,  not  aristate;   plant 
glabrous,  glutinous;  akenes  glabrous. — Tamal- 
pais.     Spring. 


(95) 

3.  W.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Nutt.  P?ippus  aristate. 
Marin  County.  Spring. 

27,    Helianthella  Torr.  &  Gray. 

Frustranea.  Head  oo  -flowered.  Receptacle 
flat;  paleaceous.  Akenes  flattened;  pappus 
represented  by  2,  marginal,  aristae,  alternating 
with  2,  caducous  paleae. — 2£.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  H.  CALIFOBNICA  Gray. — Napa.    Spring. 

28.     Helianthus  L,         SUNFLOWER. 

Frustranea.  Head  co-flowered.  Receptacle 
flat,  paleaceous.  Akenes  slightly  compressed; 
quadrangular.  Pappus  represented  by  2,  mar- 
ginal caducous;  palese  with  minute,  intermedi- 
ate ones.  Ray-flowers  yellow. 

1.  H.  ANNUUS  L.     Receptacle  flat;  paleaa  of 
receptacle  3-cleft;    disc    brown;  lower    leaves 
cordate,  serrate. — 0     Common.     Summer. 

2.  H.  SCABERRIMUS  Benth.     Receptacle  flat; 
paleae  of  receptacle  entire,   aristate,  the  awn 
as  long  as  the  disc-flowers;  disc  brown.    0. 
San  Rafael.     Summer. 

3.  H.  EXILIS  Gray.     Receptacle  flat;  palea3 
of  receptacle  entire,   aristate,  the  awn  longer 
than  the  disc-flowers;  disc  brown. — 0.     Lake 
county.     Summer. 


(96) 

4.  H.  CALIFORNICUS  DC.  Receptacle 
convex;  paleae  of  receptacle  blunt,  not  aris- 
tate;  disc-flowers  yellow,  only  their  anthers 
brown.— U-  Berkeley  hills.  San  Eafael.  Sum- 
mer. 

b.     Palece  deciduous. 

29,     PllgiopappUS  Gray. 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered.  Ray-flowers 
broad,  deeply  crenate.  Involucre  2-seriate. 
Pappus  of  the  disc  0;  of  the  ray  2-aristate. 
Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  alternate. — 0 . 

1.  P.  CALLIOPSIDEUS  Gray. — Alma.  Sum- 
mer. 

30.    Leptosyne  DC. 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered.  Ray-flowers 
broad,  deeply  crenate.  Involucre  2-seriate, 
Pappus  0.  Flowers  yellow. — 0. 

1.     L.  STILLMANI  Gray. — Alma.      Summer. 

31,    Bidens  L.       BEGGAR-TICKS. 

Frustranea.  ^Equalis.  Head  oo-flowered. 
Involucre  2-seriate.  Pappus  2-4-aristate. 
Leaves  opposite. 

1.  B.  CHRYSANTHEMOIDES  Michx.  Flowers  yel- 
low.— 0.  Swamps  near  San  Francisco  (extinct) 
Marin  county.  Summer. 


(97) 

32,    Madia  Mol.      TAB-WEED. 

Superflua.  Necessaria.  Squalls.  Ray- 
flowers  ligulate,  3-dentate,  scarcely  longer 
"than  the  involucre.  Involucre  1-seriate,  her- 
baceous; scales  carinate,  complicate,  embrac- 
ing the  ray-akenes.  Receptacle  naked  in  the 
center,  with  1-2  rows  of  palese  between  the 
disc  and  the  ray.  Akenes  laterally  compressed ; 
pappus  of  the  ray  0;  of  the  disc  usually  0. 
Viscid,  resinous  herbs.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  M.  NUTTALLII   Gray.     Ray-flowers  ex- 
serted  and  conspicuous;  paleae  of  the  pappus 
fimbriate.  —  2£.      Redwoods,     Marin     county. 
Spring, 

2.  M.  RADIATA  Kell.     Ray-flowers  ex- 
serted   and   conspicuous,    obtusely   3-dentate; 
pappus  0. — 0.     Antioch.     Spring. 

3.  M.  ELEGANS  Don.     Ray-flowers  exserted 
and   conspicuous,  acutely  3-lobed;   pappus  0. 
0 . — Common.    Spring  and  summer. 

4.  M.  SATIVA  Mol.     Ray-flowers   short, 
inconspicuous;  pappus  0;  akenes  of  the  disc  4- 
nerved,quadrangular. — 0.  Common.  Summer. 

5.  M.  DISSITIFLOKA  Gray.     Ray- flowers 
short,  inconspicuous;  pappus  0;  akenes  of  the 
disc  without  the  four  nerves  and  angles.  —  0, 
Marin  county.     Summer. 

5 


(98) 

6.  M.  FILIPES  Gray.  Bay-flowers  short,  in- 
conspicuous; pappus  0;  disc-flower  solitary. 
0. — Antioch.  Spring. 

All  the  species  covered  by  a  resinous  exu- 
dation of  strong,  generally  disagreeable  odor. 
Becom mended  by  the  old  settlers  in  affections 
of  the  urinary  organs. 

33,    Hemizonia  DC.       TAR-WEED. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Bay-flowers  ligu- 
late,  dentate.  Involucre  1-seriate,  with  con- 
cave scales  embracing  the  ray-akenes.  Becep- 
tacle  flat,  naked  in  the  center,  with  a  row  of 
paleae  between  disc  and  ray  or  sometimes 
throughout.  Akenes  of  the  ray  convex  exter- 
nally, flat  internally;  pappus  of  the  ray  0; 
pappus  of  the  disc  scaly,  aristate,  plumose  or 
0. — 0.  Viscid,  resinous  herbs;  flowers  yellow, 
white. 

1.  H.   LUZULjEFOLiA   DC.  Only   the   ray- 
akenes   developed,   these   obovate,  triangular; 
terminal   area   depressed;   rays    3-lobed,    fre- 
quently white. — 0.     San  Francisco.  Summer. 

2.  H.  MACRADENIA  DC.    Bay-flowers  numer- 
ous  with   short   liguliB.      Bay-akenes    turgid, 
gibbose,  the   gibbosity  pushing  the   terminal 
area  to  the  inner  angle  so  that  the  area  appears 
lateral;  receptacle  conical;  leaves  not  pungent; 
flowers  always  yellow. — 0.    Tamalpais.     Con- 
tra Costa.     Autumn. 


(99) 

3.  H.  PARBYI  Greene.    Eay-flowers  numer- 
ous with  short  ligulae;  ray-akenes  turgid,  very 
gibbose,  the  gibbosity   pushing  the   terminal 
area  to  the  inner  angle  so  that  the  area  appears 
lateral,  receptacle  convex;  bracts  of  involucre 
pungent;   palese   of    receptacle    not    pungent; 
upper  leaves  short,  acerose,  lower  pinnatifid; 
flowers  yellow. — 0 .    St.  Helena.   Summer. 

4.  H.  PUNGENS  Torr.  &  Gray.     Ray-flowers 
numerous  with  short  ligulse;  ray-akenes  turgid, 
very  gibbose,  the  gibbosity  pushing  the  ter- 
minal area  to  the  inner  angle  so  that  the  area 
appears     lateral;    receptacle     convex;     upper 

r leaves  and  bracts  of  the  involucre  pungent; 
palese  of  the  receptacle  pungent  also;  lower 
leaves  frequently  bipinnatifid;  flowers  yellow. 
0.  Common.  Summer. 

5.  H.  COEYMBOSA  Torr.  &  Gray.     Ray-flow- 
ers cuneate,  more  than  10.   Ray-akenes  turgid, 
very  gibbose,  the  gibbosity  pushing  the  termi- 
nal area  to  the  inner  angle  so  that  the  area 
appears  lateral;  akenes  4-5-nerved;  receptacle 
flat,  naked  on  the  disc,  but  the  disc  flowers 
separated  from  the  ray-flowers  by  a  cup, formed 
by  connate  paleae;  ovary  of  the  disc-flowers  not 
developed;    flowers     yellow. — 0.        Common. 
Summer. 

6.  H.  ANGU  ST  I  FOLIA  DC.     Ray-flowers 
cuneate,  more  than  10;  ray-akenes  turgid,  very 


(100) 

gibbose,  the  gibbosity  pushing  the  terminal 
area  to  the  inner  angle  so  that  the  area  appears 
lateral;  akenes  3-nerved,  receptacle  flat,  naked 
on  the  disc,  but  the  disc-flowers  separated 
from  the  ray  by  palese,  connate  at  their  base. 
Flowers  yellow. — 0.  Berkeley.  Tamalpais. 
Summer. 

7.  H.  TRUNCATA   Gray.       Bay-flowers    few, 
but  with  very   large    3-lobed  yellow     ligula. 
Plant  glabrous.     0.    Marin  county.    Summer. 

8.  H.  MULTTGLANDULOSA   Gray.    Bay-flowers 
few  but  with  very  large,  3-lobed   ligula;  plant 
hispid-glandular. — 0.     Tamalpais.     Summer. 

Properties    the   same    as  Madia. 

34.  Holozonia  Greene. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Disc  flowers  oo; 
ray-flowers  5  to  8,  cuneiform,  3-cleft.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  corresponding  in  number  to 
the  ray-flowers,  and  completely  embracing 
each  akene.  Bsceptacle  flat,  the  paleae  united 
into  a  cup  enclosing  the  disc-flowers.  Pappus 
of  the  disc  generally  0;  of  the  ray  hyaline, 
spreading  — 2£ .  Flowers  white. 

1.  H.  FILIPES  Greene. — 2£.  Sonoma.  Au- 
tumn. 

35,  Lagophylla  Nutt. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Bay-flowers  5,  cu- 
neiform, 3-lobed.  Involucre  of  5  scales,  acu- 


(101) 

minate,  with  scarious  margins,  each  completely 
enclosing  the  corresponding  ray-akene.  Recep- 
tacle flat,  with  5  paleoe  between  the  disc  and 
ray.  Pappus  0. — 0.  Flowers  yellow,  whitish. 

1.  L.  RAMOSISSIMA  Nutt.      Pubescent.-  — 0 . 
Tamalpais.     Summer. 

2.  L.  CONGESTS  Greene.  Hispid. — 0.  Tam- 
alpais.    Summer. 

36,    Layia  Hook.  &  Am. 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowered;  ray -flowers  cune- 
iform, 3-dentate.  Involucre  1-seriate,  herbace- 
ous; scales  acuminate,  with  scarious  margins, 
completely  enclosing  the  ray-akenes.  Receptacle 
flat,  with  a  row  of  paleae  between  disc  and  ray, 
or  paleaceous  throughout.  Ray-akenes  linear, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  and  with  a  flat  area  at 
the  top;  pappus  of  the  disc  various;  of  the 
ray  0.— 0. 

1.  L.  CAENOSA  Torr.  &  Gray.     Pappus  bris- 
tles plumose;  ray-flowers  inconspicuous,  small. 
Sands  of  sea  shore.     Marin  County.     Spring. 

2.  L.  HETEROTRICHA  Hook.  &  Arn.     Pappus- 
bristles  plumose,  their  hairs  erect;  ray-flowers 
large,  canspicuous,  3-lobed,  white. — Antioch. 
Livermore.    Mies.     Spring. 

3.  L.    ELEGANS     Torr.    &   Gray.      Pappus- 
bristles  plumose,  their  hairs  woolly  and  inter- 
laced; ray-flowers  conspicuous,  yellow. — Marin 
County.     Spring. 


(102) 

4.  L.  HIEEACIOIDES  Hook.  &  Arn.     Pappus 
bristles  plumose,  their  hairs  straight  and  erect; 
rays  conspicuous,  yellow,  but  little  longer  than 
the  disc-flowers. — Marin  County.     Spring. 

5.  L.   GAILLARDIOIDES  Hook.  &  Arn.     Pap- 
pus-bristles plumose;  their  hairs  straight  and 
erect;    ray-flowers  conspicuous,    yellow;   con- 
siderably longer  than  the  disc-flowers.    Contra 
Costa.  Saucelito.     Spring. 

6.  L.    PLATYGLOSSA     Gray.      Pappus   aris- 
tate;  awns  equal;  ray-flowers  yellow,  frequently 
with  white  tips. — Saucelito.     Spring. 

7.  L.  CA^LIGLOSSA  Gray.     Pappus   aristate; 
awns  unequal;  ray-flowers  yellow  with   white 
tips. — Berkeley.     Spring. 

8.  L.  CHRYSANTHEMOIDES  Gray.     Pappus  0; 
ray-flowers  yellow  with  white  tips. — Alameda. 
Milbrae.     Spring. 

37,    Achyrachaena  Schauer. 

Superflua.  Kay -flowers  short  and  hidden. 
Involucre  1-seriate;  scales  with  scarious  mar- 
gins, embracing  the  ray-akenes.  Keceptacle  flat, 
naked  in  the  centre,  paleaceous  towards  the 
margin.  Akenes  clavate,  those  of  the  disc 
truncate,  those  of  the  ray  with  an  epigynous 
disc;  pappus  of  about  10  shining,  silvery  scales 
in  two  series,  the  outer  considerably  shorter 
than  the  alternate  inner  ones. — 0.  Flowers 
yellow  or  pale. 

1.     A.  MOLLIS  Schauer. — Common.    Spring. 


(103) 

Tribe  V.    HELENIE^:. 

Keceptacle  not  paleaceous.  Scales  of  the  in- 
volucre herbaceous;  pappus  not  capillary. 

38.    Coinogyne  Less.     (Jaumea  Pers.) 

Superflua.  Involucre  2-seriate,  imbricate; 
scales  rounded.  Receptacle  conical,  naked. 
Pappus  0. — It.  Flowers  yellow,  leaves  oppo- 
site, fleshy. 

1.  C.  CARNOSA  Gray. — Salt  marshes  around 
San  Francisco.  Summer. 

39.    Burriellia  DC. 

Superflua.  Bay-flowers  few  and  short. 
Scales  of  involucre  5,  ovate.  Receptacle  subu- 
late, naked.  Pappus  of  the  ray  2-aristate  (some- 
times 0),  as  long  as  the  corolla;  of  the  disc 
4-aristate. — 0.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  oppo- 
site. 

1.  B.  MICROGLOSSA  DC. — San  Francisco, 
Spring. 

40.    Baeria  Fisch.  &  Mey. 

Superflua.  Ray-flowers  ovate,  exserted. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  10,  ovate.  Receptacle 
conical,  naked,  rough.  Akenes  angled  or 
nerved;  pappus  paleaceous  or  aristate,  some- 
times 0.  Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  opposite. — 0. 

1.  B.  MACRANTHA  Gray.  Pappus  aristate, 
sometimes  0;  akenes  not  quadrangular;  recep- 


(104) 

tacle  muricate -roughened;    leaves   3 -nerved, 
ciliate. — 0.     Marin  County.     Spring. 

2.  B.  CHEYSOSTOMA  Fisch  &  Mey.      Pappus 
0;  akenes  not  quadrangular;  receptacle  muri- 
cate-roughened;  leaves  linear,  not  ciliate. — 0. 
Common.     Spring. 

3.  B.  GBACILIS  Gray.      Akenes  quadrangu- 
lar; pappus  uniform,  aristate;  receptacle  muri- 
cate-roughened;    plant    hirsutely  pubescent. 
Common.     Spring. 

4.  B.   CABNOSA   Greene.      Pappus  uniform, 
aristate;  akenes  quadrangular;  receptacle  mu- 
ricate-roughened;   plant  glabrous. — 0.      Salt 
marshes.     Spring. 

5.  B.  FBEMONTII    Gray.      Pappus  4  awns, 
alternating  with  narrow,  small  palese ;  recepta- 
tacle  muricate-roughened.     Besides  the  entire 
leaves,  some  palmate  ones. — 0 .  Contra  Costa. 
Spring. 

6.  B.   ULIGINOSA  Gray.      Pappus  2-3  awns, 
alternating  with  broad  fimbriate  palese  (some- 
times pappus  altogether  0);  receptacle  muri- 
cate-roughened.     Besides  the   entire   leaves, 
some  pinnately  or  bipinnately  lobed  ones. — 0 . 
Common.     Spring. 

41.    Eriophyllum  Lag  (Bahia  DC.) 
Superflua.     Ray-flowers  ovate,  exserted. 
Scales  of  the  involucre   lanceolate,  united  at 
the  base ;  receptacle  naked,  alveolate.    Pappus 


(105) 

4,  8,  or  12   mernbranaceous  scales.      Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  E.  ST^CHADIFOLIUM  Lag.     Frutescent; 
heads  with  short  peduncles  in  loose  cymes;  re- 
ceptacle alveolate. —  £  .    San  Francisco.  Sum- 
mer. 

2.  E.  CONFEBTIFLOKUM  Gray.    Suffrutescent; 
Head  with  very   short  peduncles  in   compact 
cymes;   receptacle  not   alveolate. — 2£.      Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

3.  E.  C^SPITOSUM  Dougl.     Herbaceous: 
heads  solitary,  or  few  on  large  peduncles. — 2£. 
Marin  County.     Summer. 

42,  Monolopia  DC. 

Superflua.  Scales  of  the  involucre  united 
into  a  dentate  cup.  Rceptacle  conical,  naked, 
papillate.  Pappus  0.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  M.   MAJOR  DC.       Ray-flowers    with    3-4 
lobed  ligulae  and  an  appendage  on  the  oppo- 
site side;  bracts  of  the  involucre  united. — ©. 
Oakland.     Saucelito.     Summer. 

2.  GRACILENS   Gray.       Ray-flowers    with    3- 
4-lobed  ligulse  and  an  appendage  on  the  oppo- 
site side;  bracts  of  the   involucre   distinct   to 
the  base. — 0 .      Santa.  Cruz  Mountains.     Sum- 
mer. 

43.  Lasthenia  Cass. 

Superflua.  Scales  of  the  involucre  united 
into  a  dentate  cup.  Receptacle  conical,  naked, 

5A 


(106) 

papillose.  Akenes  linear  compressed.  Pappus 
5  to  10  firm  scales  (sometimes  0). — 0.  Flowers 
yellow. 

1.  L.  GLABERRIMA    DC.       Pappus     palea- 
ceous.     Near  salt  marshes.     Spring. 

2.  L.    GLABRATA  Lindl.      Pappus   0.     Per- 
foliate.  —  Common.      Spring. 

3.  L.  CALIF ORNICA  Lindl.     Pappus  0. 
Leaves    clasping,    not    perfoliate.  —  Berkeley. 
San  Mateo.     Spring. 

44,    Bigiopappus  Gray. 

Superflua.  Scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
erect,  rigid,  half  embracing  the  akene.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked.  Pappus  3-5-aristate.  —  0. 
Flowers  pale,  leaves  alternate. 

45,    Chaenactis,    DC. 

.ZEqualis.  Flowers  of  the  ray  tubular  but 
frequently  enlarged.  Involucre  hemispheri- 
cal; its  scales  narrow.  Eeceptacle  flat.  Pap- 
pus 4  to  12  obtuse,  chaffy  scales. — 0. 

1.  C.  LANOSA  DC.  Flowers  yellow.— Con- 
tra Costa.  Spring. 

46,    Blennosperma  Less. 

Necessaria.  Ray  flowers  ovate,  ligulate, 
without  tube.  Scales  of  the  involucre  1-seri- 
ate,  membranaceous.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 


(107) 

Akenes  pyriform,  papillate,  gelatinous  when 
wetted;  pappus  0. — 0.  Flowers  pale  yellow. 
Leaves  alternate. 

1.  B.  CALIFORNICUM  Torr.  &  Gray. — Com- 
mon. Spring. 

47,    Helenium  L-       SNEEZK-WEKD. 

Superflua.  Flowers  of  the  ray  palmate. 
Involucre  2-seriate;  external  scales  GO,  narrow, 
foliaceous,  spreading,  at  length  reflexed;  inter- 
nal scales  few,  paleaceous.  Receptacle  globu- 
lar, naked.  Pappus  5  to  12,  meinbranaceous 
palete.  Flowers  of  the  ray  yellow;  disc  pur- 
ple; leaves  alternate. 

1.  H.  PUBEKULUM  DC. — 0.  Moist  places. 
Summer. 

Tribe  VI.     ANTHEMIDE^E. 

Receptacle  rarely  paleaceous.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  scarious.  Pappus  not  capillary. 

48,    Anthemis  L.        MAY-WEED. 

Superflua.  Eay  flowers  ligulate.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  convex  or 
conical,  paleaceous.  Akenes  ribbed.  Pappus 
0.  Ray-flowers  white.  Disc  yellow. 

I.  A.  COTULA  L. — 0.  Common  on  waste 
grounds,  although  not  indigenous.  Native  of 
Europe. 


(108) 

49.    Achillea   L.    YARROW. 

Superflua.  Head  oo-flowerad;  ray-flowers  6 
to  6,  ligulate,  ovate.  Involucre  ovate;  scales 
imbricate,  those  of  the  receptacle  hyaline. 
Akenes  marginate ;  pappus  0.  11 . 

1.  A.  MTLLEFOLIUM  L.  Eay-flowers  and  disc 
pale. — Common.  Summer. 

50,    Matricaria  L-     CHAMOMILE. 

Superflua.  JEqualis.  Scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre imbricate.  Keceptacle  conical,  naked. 
Akenes  angulate.  Pappus  coroniform  or  0. 
Disc  yellow;  flowers  of  the  ray  white. — 0 

1.  M.  DISCOIDEA   DC.     Pappus  0;  areola  of 
akene  merely  surrounded  by  a  rim ;  ray-flowers 
white,  depauperate. —  Summer.     Common. 

2.  M.  OCCIDENTALIS   Greene.     Pappus  coro- 
niform, unequal,  the  side  toward  the  ray  con- 
siderably developed,  the  inner  side  reduced  to 
a  rim. — Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

51,    Chrysanthemum  L. 

Superflua.  Involucre  hemispherical,  spread- 
ing. Scales  co-seriate,  imbricate,  appressed. 
Receptacle  not  conical,  naked.  Akenes  short, 
somewhat  terete,  costate,  truncate  at  the  apex; 
pappus  0. 

1.  C.  REGETUM  L.  Eay-flowers  yellow.— 0. 
Has  been  found  near  Oakland.  Summer. 


(109) 

52.    Soliva  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Necessaria.  Superflua.  Ray-flowers  GO,  with- 
out corolla.  Style  scarcely  bifid,  persistent. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes  obcompressed, 
winged,  crowned  by  the  style,  sessile,  pappus 
0. — 0.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  S.  SESSILIS  Ruiz  &  Pavon. — Moist  grounds 
near  the  coast.  All  the  year  round. 

53.    Cotula  L.      BRASS-BUTTONS. 

Superflua.  Corolla  of  ray-flowers  wanting. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked,  papillose.  Akenes  com- 
pressed, winged,  those  of  the  ray  stipitate; 
pappus  0. — 0.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  C.  CORONOPIFOLIA  L.     Leaves  pinnatifid. 
Aquatic.     All  the  year  round. 

2.  C.  AUSTBALIS  Hook.  Leaves  bipinnatifid; 
lobes    linear. — Waste    places.     All    the    year 
round. 

54.    Tanacetum  L.     TANSY. 

^Equalis.  Superflua.  Ray-flowers  not  ligu- 
late.  Receptacle  convex,  naked.  Akenes  an- 
gulate,  with  large  epigynous  disc.  Pappus 
coroniform,  or  0. — 2£.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  T.  CAMPHORATUM  Less.  Suffrutescent. 
Sand  dunes  near  San  Francisco.  Summer. 

55.    Artemisia  L-     WORMWOOD.     SAGE-BRUSH. 
^Equalis.        Superflua.       Necessaria.      Ray 
flowers  tubular.     Scales  of  involucre  dry,  with 


(110) 

scarious  margins.  Receptacle  naked  orvillous. 
Akenes  obovate,with  small  epigynous  disc;  pap- 
pus 0.  Heads  small;  flowers  yellowish. 

1.  A.  PYCNOCEPHALA  DC.  Superflua:  flowers 
of  the  disc   £  ,  but  sterile;  their  style  not  bifid ; 
plant  silky-villous ;  leaves  pinnately  parted. —  2£ . 
Seashore.     Summer. 

2.  A.    DBACUNCULOIDES    Pursh.      Superflua. 
Flowers  of  the  disc   £,  but  sterile;  their  style 
not  bifid;   plant  glabrous;   leaves  linear. — 1£. 
Lake  Chabot.     Summer. 

3.  A.  CALIFORNIA  Less.     Superflua.  Flow- 
ers of  the  disc  £,  and  fertile;  their  style  bifid; 
frutescent,   paniculately  branched,  canescent; 
leaves  pinnately   parted;    lobes   filiform. —  *? . 
Common.     Summer. 

Branches    and    leaves   insecticide    of    con- 
siderable power. 

4.  A.  LUDOVICIANA  Nutt.    Style  of  the  flow- 
ers  of    the   disc  bifid;    involucre    tomentose; 
leaves  lanceolate;  the  lower  frequently  parted 
into  3-5  lobes. — 1£.     Common.     Summer. 

Tribe  VII.     SENECIONID^}. 
Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  capillary. 

56.    NardoSHlia  Cass.  (Petasites,  Tourn.) 

Monoecia,  Necessaria.  Heads  dimorphous, 
3  or  g  contains  $  flowers  oc,  ?  flowers  few.  $  or 
$  head  contains  Q  or  6  flowers  few,  ?  flowers  oo. 


(Ill) 

Involucre  1 -seriate,  bracteolate.  Receptacle 
naked.  Akenes  glabrous,  ribbed;  pappus  of 
copious  capillary  bristles  — 2£ .  Flowers  pale, 
appearing  before  the  leaves. 

1.  N.  PALMATA  Gray. — Taylorville.  Santa 
Cruz  Mountains.  Spring. 

57,    Arnica  L- 

Superflua.  Ray  flowers  elongate,  with  dis- 
tinct, but  sterile  anthers.  Involucre  2-seri- 
ate.  Pappus  capillary. — 2£.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  A.  DISCOIDEA  Benth. — Santa  Cruz  Mount- 
ains. Summer. 

58,    Senecio  L-       GROUNDSEL. 
Superilua.      yE'jualis.     Involucre   1-seriate, 
bracteolate.  Pappus  capillary.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  HYDBOPHILUS  Nutt.     Glabrous;  heads 
erect;  rays   few,    sometimes   0;  leaves   almost 
entire;  the  radical,  large,  with   long   petioles; 
upper    cauline    leaves    sessile,    clasping. —  It 
Berkeley.     Summer. 

2.  S.  ABONICOIDES  DC.     Heads    erect;  ray- 
flowers  few,  frequently  0;   leaves  repand-den- 
ticulate;  cauline  variable,  uppermost  reduced 
to  bracts. — It-     Presidio.     Spring. 

3.  S.   EURYCEPHALUS  Torr.   &    Gray.     Rays 
elongated;  leaves  pinnately  parted;  lobes  cu- 
neate   and  acutely  incised. — 1C.     San   Mateo. 
Summer. 


(112) 

4.  S    DOUGLASII    DC.      Ray-flowers    elon- 
gated; leaves   linear  or  pinnately  parted  into 
linear    segments. — 2£.      Contra    Costa    hills. 
Summer. 

5.  S.  VULGARIS   L.    Rays  0. — 0.    Waste 
grounds.      All  the  year  round.     Weed  intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

Tribe  VIII.     EUPATORIACE^;. 
Style  branches  club-shaped.     ^Equalis. 

59.     Blllbostylis  DC.     (Brickellia  Ell.) 

Scales  of  involucre  imbricate,  2-3-seriate. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Margin  of  the  tubular 
corolla  minutely  5-dentate.  Style  bulbous  at 
base.  Akenes  10-striate;  pappus  oo-seriate, 
bristly,  scabrous.  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  B.  CALIFORNIA  Gray.  Suffrutescent; 
flowers  pale. — 2£.  Niles  Station.  Summer. 

Tribe  IX.     CYNAROIDE,E. 
Style   branches   concreted.     Corolla  deeply 
5-cleft.     Receptacle  bristly. 

60.    Cnicus  L-        THISTLK. 

.ZEqualis.  Scales  of  the  involucre  co-seriate, 
imbricate,  ending  in  a  spine.  Pappus  decidu- 
ous, co-seriate;  bristles  plumose,  connected  at 
their  base  into  a  ring.  Filaments  syngenetic. 
00. 


(113) 

1.  C.  AMEBICANUS  Gray.     Involucre  ovoid; 
bracts  appressed,   imbricate,   with  loose,  sca- 
rious  tips;  flowers  ochroleucous. — 00.     Ma- 
rin  County.     Summer. 

2.  C.  EDULIS  Gray.     Bracts  of  the  involucre 
not  appressed,  not  rigid,  but  loose,  tapering 
from  a  narrow  base  gradually  into  a  short  flac- 
cid spine;  corolla  lobes  filiform,  with  a  thick- 
ened tip;  flowers  purple    or    whitish. — 00. 
Common.  Summer. 

3.  C.  HALLII  Gray.     Bracts  of  the  involucre 
not  appressed,  not   rigid,  but  loose,  tapering 
from  a  narrow  base  gradually  into  a  flaccid, 
short  spine;  corolla  lobes  linear,  flat;  flowers 
rose-color  or  whitish. — 00.     Marin  County. 
Summer. 

4.  C.  OCCIDENTALIS   Gray.     Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre with  short  coriaceous  base  and  squar- 
rose,  subulate  tips;  heads   solitary,   terminal, 
very  large;  flowers  crimson.     Common.     Sum- 
mer. 

5.  C.  FONTINALIS  Greene.     Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre  herbaceous,    broad,    reflexed,    with  a 
short  spinose   tip;    heads   nodding;  flowers 
whitish. — Crystal  Springs;  very  local.      Sum- 
mer. 

6.  C.  QUERCETOBUM  Gray.     Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre appressed,  coriaceous,  only  the  outer 
mucronate,  the  inner  unarmed;  all  plane  without 


(114) 

glandular  viscid  spot  on  the  dorsal  side;  flow- 
ers rose,  purple  or  whitish. — Presidio.  Oak- 
land. Summer. 

7.  C.  BBEWEKI  Gray.  Bracts  of  the  involu- 
cre bearing  on  their  dorsal  side,  near  the  tip, 
an  oval,  viscid,  glandular  spot;  bracts  much 
appressed,  coriaceous,  outer  bracts  tipped  with 
a  squarrose,  slender  prickle;  flowers  pale,  pur- 
ple or  whitish. — Tamalpais.  Summer. 

61,    Silybum  Vaill.        SPOTTED  THISTLE. 

^Equalis.  Pappus  ao-seriate.  Bristles  rigid. 
Filaments  monadelphous. — 0.  Flowers  pur- 
ple. 

1.  S.  MARIANUM  Gaertn. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region.  Seeds 
of  the  plant  used  as  an  antispasmodic. 

62,    Centaurea  L     STAR- THISTLE. 

Frustranea.  ^Equalis.  Involucre  imbricate. 
Ray-flowers  funnel-shaped.  Pappus  of  oo,  sca- 
brous, filiform  bristles. 

1.  C.  BENDICTA  L.     Akenes  terete;  flowers 
yellow. — 0. 

Ballast-weed.  Introduced  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  Summer. 

2.  C.  MELITENSIS  L.   Akenes  costate.   Flow- 
ers yellow. — 0. 


(115) 

Ballast-weed.  Introduced  from  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  Summer. 

Sub-Family  2.     Liguliflorce. 

All  flowers  of  the  head  ligulate. 

Tribe  I.     CICHORIACEJS. 
63.    Stephanomeria  Nutt. 

Head  few-flowered.  Involucre  1-seriate, 
caljculate.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes 
5-costate,  with  a  callosity  at  their  place  of  in- 
sertion. Pappus  1-seriate,  bristly,  plumose, 
white,  coalescent. — 0. 

1.  S.  VIRGATA  Benth.  Flowers  matutinal. 
Common.  Summer. 

64.    Rafinesquia  Nutt. 

Head  co-flowered.  Involucre  1-seriate, 
calyculate.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Akenes 
rostrate,  with  a  callosity  at  their  place  of  in- 
sertion; pappus  white,  plumose,  capillary, 
coalescent. — 0.  Flowers  pale. 

1.     E.  UALIFORNICA  Nutt.    Common.     Sum- 
mer. 
The  smell  of  the  plant  resembles  that  of  opium. 

65.    Hypochaeris  L. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  paleaceous. 
Palese  deciduous.  Akenes  rostrate;  pappus 
plumose.  Flowers  yellow. 


(116) 

1.  GLABBA  L. — 0.  Ballast  weed,  introduced 
from  Europe.  Summer. 

66,    (Microseris)  Scorzonella  Nutt. 

Involucre  campanulate,  imbricate  in  several 
ranks.  Receptacle  flat,  naked,  foveolate. 
Akenes  more  than  5-costate;  pappus  palea- 
ceous; paleae  entire,  lanceolate,  tipped  with  a 
barbellate  awn.  Heads  nodding  when  in  bud. 
Plant  caulescent.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  S.  PKOCERA  Gray.     Head  more  than  100- 
flowered;  awns  simply  barbellate,  3  times  longer 
than  the  palese. — 1£.     Sonoma.     Summer. 

2.  S.    PALUDOSA   Greene.     Head   less   than 
75  flowered;  awns  simply  barbellate,  twice  as 
long    as     the    palese. — It.     Marshy  grounds. 
Marin  County  near  Corte  Madera.     Summer. 

3.  S.  SYLVATICA  Gray.     Awns  nearly  plum- 
ose,    shorter    than    the     paleae. — 2£.     Contra 
Costa.     Summer. 

67,     ( Microseris}  Calais  DC. 

Involucre  conical,  imbricate.  Receptacle 
flat,  alveolate.  Akenes  more  than  5-costate; 
palete  of  the  pappus  5,  flat,  bifid,  with  short 
awns.  Head  always  erect  on  hollow,  scape- 
like  peduncles,  that  swell  toward  the  head. 
Flowers  yellow. 


(117) 

1.  C.  KELLOGGII  Greene.     Awn  of  the  pap- 
pus longer  than  the  palea;   palea   emarginate 
(not  deeply  cleft) . — 0 .     San  Bruno  Mountains ; 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

2.  C.  LINDLEYI  DC.     Awn   of   the  pappus 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  palea;  palea  brown- 
ish, persistent. — 0.     Common.    Spring. 

3.  C.   LINEARIFOLIA  DC.     Awn  of  the  pap- 
pus not  longer  than  the  palea;    palea  white, 
persistent.     0. — Common.     Spring. 

68,    (Microseris)  Microseris  Don. 

Involucral  bracts  imbricate,  the  outer  rank 
very  short,  calyculate.  Receptacle  flat,  slight- 
ly alveolate.  Palese  of  the  pappus  entire, 
tapering  into  a  scabrous  awn.  Capitula  nod- 
ding on  slender  scapes,  which  are  not  thickened 
towards  the  head.  Flowers  yellow. — 0. 

1.  M.  DOUGLASSII  Gray.  Pappus  paleaceous; 
paleae  5,  boat-shaped,   tapering  abruptly  into 
an  awn  of    the  length  of  the  akene. — Common. 
Spring. 

2.  M.  ATTENUATA    Greene.     Pappus  palea- 
ceous; palere   5,  boat-shaped,   tipped  with  an 
awn   shorter   than  the  akene. — Contra  Costa. 
Spring. 

3.  M.  ACUMINATA  Greene.       Pappus   palea- 
ceous; paleiB  5,  flat  and  straight,  gradually  ta- 
pering into  an  awn,  shorter  than   the  palea. 
Contra  Costa.     Spring. 


(118) 

4.  M.  BIGELOVII  Gray.    Pappus  paleaceous; 
palese  5,  flat  and  straight,  passing  into  an  awn 
more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  palea. — Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

5.  M.  ELEGANS  Greene.    Pappus  paleaceous; 
palese  deltoid,  very  short,  with  a  slender  awn 
twice  their  length. — Mies.     Spring. 

6.  M.  APHANTOCARPHA  Gray.     Pappus  palea- 
ceous; paleaceous  part  nearly  obsolete,  aristate 
part   long    but   setaceous,    slender,    and   very 
fragile. — San  Francisco.     Spring. 

69,    Malacothrix  DC. 

Beceptacle,  flat,  naked.  Akenes  truncate; 
pappus  1-seriate,  bristles  scabrous,  silvery, 
deciduous  in  a  ring. — 0 . 

1.  M.  CALIFOENICA  DC.   Scapose;  involucral 
bracts   in  more  than  2  ranks;  flowers  yellow. 
Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

2.  M.  CLEVELANDI  Gray.    Branching;  invo- 
lucral bracts  in  2  ranks  of  equal  length;    be- 
sides the  regular  caducous  pappus  an  external 
accessory  pappus  of  1  persistent  bristle  and  a 
dentate  crown;  flowers  yellow.  —  Contra  Costa. 
Spring. 

3.  M.  OBTUSA  Benth.  Branching;   involucral 
bracts  in  two  ranks  of  unequal  length;  persis- 
tent bristles  0;  flowers  white. — Marin  County. 
Spring. 


(119) 

70,    Hieracium    » ourn.        HAWKWEED. 

Involucre  co-seriate,  imbricate.  Akenes 
terete,  with  a  thin,  crenulated  ring  on  the 
apex,  pappus  1-seriate,  capillary. —  1C. 

1.  H.  ALBIFLORUM  Hook.  Involucre  co- 
flowered;  akenes  linear;  pappus  sordid;  flowers 
white. — Saucelito.  Summer. 

71,    Troximon  Nutt. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Akenes  linear.  Apex 
contracted.  Pappus  oo-seriate.  Bristles  silky, 
not  deciduous  in  a  ring. 

1.  T.  APARGIOIDES  Less.     Beak  of  the  akene 
about  the  length  of  body;  flowers  yellow. — 2£. 
San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  T.  HUMILE  Gray.    Beak  of  the  akene  sev- 
eral times  the  length  of  body;  pappus  as  long 
as  the  beak;   flowers   yellow. — It-     Common. 
Summer. 

3.  T.  LACINIATUM  Gray.     Beak  of  the  akene 
several  times  the  length  of  the  body;  pappus 
much  shorter  than  the  beak;  leaves  laciniate — 
when  more  deeply  parted   and  pimiatifid,  the 
lobes     linear;     flowers     yellow. — 1C.       Marin 
County.     Summer. 

4.  T.  GRANDIFLORUM    Gray.      Beak    of    the 
akene  several  times  the  length  of  body;  pappus 
much  shorter  than  the  beak;  leaves  runcinate 


(120) 

—when  more  deeply  parted  and  pinnatifid,  the 
lobes  not  linear;  flowers  yellow. — 1£.  Com- 
mon. Summer. 

5.  T.  HETEROPHYLLUM  Greene.  Beak  of  the 
akene  but  little  longer  than  body;  flowers  yel- 
low.— 0.  Common.  Spring. 

72,    Taraxacum  Haller.         DANDELION. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Akenes  contracted 
into  a  long  beak;  pappus  oo-seriate;  bristles 
white,  capillary  nearly  persistent. —  2£.  Flow- 
ers yellow. 

1.  T.  OFFICINALE  Weber.  Ballast  weed  in- 
troduced from  Europe;  rare.  Summer.  Offici- 
nal under  the  old  Linnean  name.  Leontodon 
Taraxacum. 

73,    Sonchus  L.       SOW-THISTLE. 

Involucre  oo-seriate,  imbricate.  Akenes 
compressed,  truncate.  Pappus  oo-seriate,  ca- 
pillary. Hairs  in  fascicles,  soft.  Flowers  yel- 
low. 

1.  S.  OLEEACEUS  L.     Auricles  of   the   cau- 
line    leaves    acute. — 0.     Common.     All     the 
year  round.     Ballast  weed  from  Europe. 

2.  S.  ASPER  Till.     Auricles  of  the  clasping 
cauline    leaves    rounded. — 0.     Ballast    weed 
from  Europe. 


(121) 

Family  2.    CAMPANULACEJE. 

Calyx  superior,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5,  alter- 
nating with  the  divisions  of  the  gamapetalous 
corolla,  and  inserted  between  the  corolla  and 
the  ovary.  Anthers  introrse, filaments  flattened. 
Ovary  2-5  celled;  cells  oo-ovulate.  Placentae 
central.  Style  1.  Stigmas  2-5.  Fruit  capsular. 
Leaves  alternate. — Lactescent  herbs. 

1,     Githopsis  Nutt. 

Calyx  tube  clavate,  10-costate;  with 
5  narrow,  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  com- 
panulate,  5-lobed.  Filaments  5,  membran- 
aceous.  Ovary  3-celled.  Stigmas  3.  Cap- 
sule clavate,  10-costate,  enclosed  by  the  calyx, 
opening  by  a  round  hole  at  the  apex.  Seeds 
oo. — ©.  Dwarfish. 

1.  G.  SPECULARIOIDES  Nntt.  Flowers  blue. 
Marin  County.  Contra  Costa.  San  Francisco. 
Spring. 

2.    Specular ia  Heister.      VENUS 's  LOOKING-GLASS. 

Calyx-tube  elongated.  Lobes  narrow.  Co- 
rolla rotate,  5-lobed.  Filaments  membrana- 
ceous.  Capsule  elongated,  opening  by  parie- 
tal valves  near  the  apex.  Seeds  GO. — 0.  Flow- 
ers blue. 

1.  S.  BIFLOBA  Gray. — Marin  County.  Contra 
Costa.  Spring, 


(122) 

3,     Campanula  Tourn.        BELL-FLOWER. 

Calyx  tube  turbinate.  Corolla  campanu- 
late.  Filaments  membranaceous  at  their 
base.  Capsule  turbinate,  opening  by  parietal 
valves.  Flowers  blue. 

1.  C.    EXIGUA   Eattan.    Stem-leaves    lin- 
ear.— 0.     Tamalpais.     Spring. 

2.  C.  PRENANTHOIDES  Durand.     Stem-leaves 
ovate,  serrate. — 2£.     Marin  County  redwoods. 
Spring. 

4,    Heterocodon  Nutt. 

Early  flowers  cleistogamic ;  later  ones  ex- 
panding. Calyx  turbinate.  Corolla  campanu- 
late.  Capsule  membranaceous,  turbinate,  open- 
ing irregularly. — 0.  Flowers  blue. 

1.  H.  RARIFLORUS  Nutt.  —  Marin  County. 
Spring. 

Family  3.    CUCURBITACE^, 

Monoecious  or  dioecious.  &  :  Stamens  5,  3- 
adelphous.  Cells  of  anthers  contorted,  flexuous. 
9  :  ovary  2-5-celled.  Placentae  parietal.  Style 
1.  Stigmas  3. 

1,     Megarrhiza  Torr.     (Echinocyslis.    Torr.  &  Gray.) 
BIG-ROOT. 

Monoecious.  $  flowers  racemose.  ?  flowers 
single  from  the  axil  of  the  6  raceme.  Limb 
of  calyx  minutely  ^dentate.  Cqrolla  rotate, 

.    VS  *        w  *  ^     j.       v*        «  t  -,   .    •  ' 


(123) 

deeply  5-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  large, 
globose. — K-  Boot  large;  stem  climbing  by 
tendrils.  Flowers  greenish  white. 

1.  M.  FABACEA   Naud.    (Calif ornica   Torr.) 
Ovary  globose,  densely  echinate;  fruit  globose, 
covered  with  pungent  spines;  seeds  globose. — 
San  Francisco.     Spring. 

2.  M.  MARAH  Kellogg.     Ovary  ovate,   cov- 
ered with   soft  spines;  fruit  ovate,   muricate; 
seeds  lenticular. — San  Francisco.     Spring. 

The  enormous  rhizomes  of  both  species 
abound  in  an  acrid,  drastic  juice,  which  renders 
the  fecula,  contained  in  a  fair  proportion,  poi- 
sonous. 

Order  2.     BUBIALES.     Filaments  terete. 

Family  1,    DIPSACEJE. 

Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  0.  Flowers  in 
involucrate  heads;  single  flowers  protected  by 
a  double  (involucellate)  calyx,  tetrandrous. 
Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovulate.  Fruit  utricular. 

1.    Dipsacus  Tourn.         TEASEL. 

Head  oblong.  Leaflets  of  the  involucre  radi- 
ate. External  calyx  (involucellum)  quadran- 
gular; internal  cyathif or m. — 00.  Spring. 

1.  D.  FULLONUM  L.  Flowers  pale. — Culti- 
vated grounds.  Summer.  Escaped  from  cuk 
|iiyation!  Originally  Mediterranean, 


(124) 

Family  2,    VALEBJANACEJE, 

Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  0.  Inflorescence 
cymose.  Calyx  pappus-like.  Ovary  3-celled; 
2  cells  sterile,  and  the  fertile  one  1-ovulate. 
Fruit  an  akene. 

1,   Plectritis,  DC. 

Limb  of  calyx  straight,  entire,  obsolete. 
Tube  of  the  corolla  gibbous;  limb  5-cleft,  2-la- 
biate;  triandrous.  Akene  winged  by  the  per- 
sistent, sterile  cell. — ©. 

1.  P.    MACROCERA    Gray.       Corolla    almost 
regular;  akene   semilunar;    dorsal   angle   of 
akene   obsolete;    flowers  white   or  rose-color. 
Common.     Spring. 

2.  P.  CONGESTA  Lindl.      Corolla  distinctly 
2-labiate;  dorsal  angle  of  akene  distinctly  ca- 
rinate;    fl  o  w  e  r  s  rose-color. — Marin   County. 
Spring. 

Family  3,    CAPRIFOLIACE^:, 
Leaves  opposite.    Stipules  0.    Fruit  baccate. 

1.    SambllCUS  Tourn,         ELDER. 

Limb  of  Calyx  5-dentate.  Corolla  rotate, 
regular.  Ovary  3-5-celled;  cells  1-ovulate: 
styles  9;  stigmas  3-5.  Fruit  a  3-5-seeded 
berry. 

1.  S.  GLAUCA  Nutt.  Flowers  cream-colored; 
berries  blue,  pruinose. —  *?.  Berries  eatable; 
root  a  powerful  sudorific. 


(125) 

2.    Symphoricarpus  Cass.       SNOWBERRY. 

Calyx-limb  5-4-dentate,  persistent.  Co- 
rolla funnel-shaped,  5-4-lobed.  Ovary  4- 
celled;  2  cells  oo-ovulate  but  abortive,  alterna- 
ting with  1-ovulate  and  fertile.  Style  filiform. 
Berry  4- celled,  2-seeded. —  ^  . 

1.  S.   RACEMOSUS   Michx.      Glabrous; 
leaves  oval;  corolla  narrowed  at  base;  flowers 
pinkish;  berries  white. — Common.     Summer. 

2.  S.  MOLLIS  Nutt.     Pubescent;  leaves  or- 
bicular; corolla  with  broad  base;  flowers  pink- 
ish; berries  white. — Common.     Summer. 

3,    Lonicera  ^-        HONEYSUCKLE.    TWIN-BERRY. 

Calyx-limb  small,  4-dentate.  Corolla  tubular 
or  campanulate.  Limb  irregular  5-cleft.  Style 
filiform.  Berry  3-celled;  cells  few-seeded. 

1.  L.  INVOLUCRATA   Banks.     Flowers  in 
pairs;  bracts  foliaceous,  bractlets  conspicuous 
and  accrescent  in  fruit;  flowers  orange-colored; 
berries  shining  black,  enveloped  in  dark  red, 
involucrate   bracts.      Stem  erect. —  ^.     Com- 
mon.    Summer.     ' '  Twin-berry" 

2.  L.  HISPIDULA  Dougl.     Flowers  in  whorls 
round  an  axis,  forming  a  loose  spike;  upper- 
most leaves  connate;  flowers  in  different  shades 
of  red  and  yellow;  berries  orange-red.     Stem 
not  erect. —  £  .     Common.     Summer. 


(126) 

Family  4,    RUBIACEJE, 

Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate.  If  opposite, 
stipulate. 

1,    Cephalanthus  L-        BUTTON-BUSH. 

Flowers  capitate.  Limb  of  the  calyx  4-den- 
tate.  Corolla  tubular,  slender,  with  4-cleft 
limb.  Stamens  4,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the 
corolla.  Style  1,  exserted.  Stigma  capitate. 
Ovary  2-4  celled.  Cells  1-ovulate. —  ^  . 

1.  C.  OCCIDENT ALIS  L.  Flowers  white;  rare. 
Niles  Station.  Summer. 

2,  Galium  L.        BED-STRAW.  CLEAVERS. 

Limb  of  the  calyx  entire,  obsolete.  Corolla 
4-3  cleft,  rotate.  Ovary  2-celled.  Cells  1- 
ovulate.  Styles  2,  connate  at  base,  capitate  at 
apex.  Fruit  sometimes  fleshy.  Stems  quad- 
rangular. Leaves  verticillate. 

1.  G.    APARINE  L. —  $      Fruit  a  dicoccous 
schizocarp,  granulate  and  setaceous;  leaves  6-8 
in  a    whorl;    stem    retrorsely   bristly;  flowers 
white. — 0 .     Common.    Summer. 

2.  G.  BOREALE  L. —  £  .     Fruit  a   dicoccous 
schizocarp;  leaves  4  in  a  whorl,  3-nerved,  not 
cuspidate;     flowers    white. — It-       Tamalpais. 
Summer. 

3.  G.  TRIFIDUM  L. —  £  .      Fruit  a  dicoccous 
schizocarp;  leaves  4-6  in  a  whorl,  1-nerved,  not 
cuspidate;    flowers   small,  white. — 2£.     Marin 
County.     Summer. 


(127) 

4.  G.  ASPERRIMUM    Gray. —  $   Fruit   dicoc- 
cous,  a  scabrous  schizocarp;   leaves  4-6  in  a 
whorl,  cuspidate;  cymes  dichotomous;  flowers 
white. — 2£.     Common.    Summer. 

5.  G.    TRIFLORUM   Michx. —  £     Fruit  dicoc- 
cous,  an  uncinate  hispid  schizocarp;   leaves  4- 
6  in  a  whorl,  cuspidate;  flowers  in  3-florous  or 
biternate  cymes,  whitish. — 11. 

In  shady,  moist  places;  Marin  County.  San 
Mateo.  Summer.  This  plant  developes,  in 
withering,  the  fragrance  peculiar  to  the  Euro- 
pean Asperula  odorata,  the  Waldmeister  of  the 
Germans.  It  is  used  frequently  for  the  so- 
called  "  May-drink." 

6.  G.  CALIFORNICUM  Hook  &  Arn.  Dioecious. 
Fruit  baccate;  leaves  thinnish,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate,   4   in   a  whorl;    flowers    yellowish. — It- 
San   Francisco.     San   Mateo.     Contra    Costa. 
Summer. 

7.  G.  NUTTALLII   Gray.     Dioecious.      Fruit 
baccate;  leaves  coriaceous,  small,  oval,  obtuse,- 
mucronulate,  4  in  a  whorl;  flowers  yellowish; 

^  . — Common.    Summer. 

8.  G.  ANDREWSII  Gray.    Dioecious.      $  flow- 
ers in  a  few  flowered  cyme;  9  flowers  solitary; 
fruit  baccate ;  leaves  crowded,  acerose  subulate ; 
4  in  a  whorl. — 1£ .     Common.     Summer. 


(128) 

Sub-Section  2.    HYPOGYN^:. 

ORDER  1.  GENTIANALES.  Tendency  to 
develop  an  apocarpus  ovary  either  by  separat- 
ing the  two  cells  entirely  or  by  making  the 
capsule  septicidous. 

Family  1,    ASCLEPI ADAGES. 

Monadelphous.  Gynandrous.  Anthers  ex- 
trose;  their  pollen  changed  into  pollinaria. 
Ovaries  2.  Styles  2,  united  into  a  pentagonal 
stigma.  Fruit  a  pair  of  follicles,  or  by  abor- 
tion a  single  one.  Lactescent  plants. 

1,    Asclepias    L.        MILK- WEED. 

Corolla  rotate,  5-parted.  Stamineal  tube 
short,  expanding  into  a  corona  of  5  cucullate 
processes,  from  the  cavity  of  each  of  which 
rises  a  corniform  process.  Cells  of  anthers 
separated,  each  connected  to  the  cell  of  the 
neighboring  one  by  an  apical  appendage,  the 
pollinia  becoming  suspended  over  a  gland, 
five  of  which  protrude  from  the  margin  of  the 
stigma.  Seeds  oo,  with  a  silky  arillus. — 2£ . 

1.  A.    SPECIOSA   Torr.     Follicles    echinate; 
flowers      purplish. — Marin    County.       Contra 
Costa.     Laundry  Farm.     Summer. 

2.  A.  VESTITA  Hook.  &  Arn.    Follicles  glab- 
rous; erect  on  a  deflexed  pedicel;  umbels    oo- 
flowered,  terminal  umbel  pedunculate;  lateral 


(129) 

ones  sessile;  flowers  whitish  or  purplish. — Niles 
Station.     Summer. 

3.  A.  MEXICANA  Cav.  Follicles  glabrous; 
erect  on  erect  pedicels;  umbels  oo-flowered; 
peduncles  longer  than  the  pedicels;  flowers 
whitish. — Alameda  on  marshy  places.  Sum- 
mer. 

Family  2,    APOCYNACEJE, 

Stamens  not  monadelphous.  Anthers  in- 
trose.  Corolla  contorted  in  aestivation  and  its 
lobes  oblique.  Lactescent. 

1.    Apocynum  Tourn.        DOG-BANE.    INDIAN  HEMP. 

Corolla  companulate,  5-cleft,  with  5  scales 
opposite  the  lobes  and  near  their  base.  Sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  base  of  the  corolla.  Fil- 
aments very  short.  Anthers  sagitate,  conniving 
into  a  ring.  Ovaries  2,  with  5,  hypogynous 
scales.  Fruit  2-follicular.  Seeds  with  a  hairy 
arillus. — U- 

1.  A.  ANDROSTEMIFOLIUM  L.      Cymes  loose; 
corolla    campanulate;    tube   longer  than    the 
calyx-lobes;    corolla    lobes    revolute;    flowers 
flesh-color. — Livermore.  Summer.  Bare.  (Dog- 
bane.) 

2.  A.  CANNABINUM  L.     Cymes   dense,    com- 
pact; corolla  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx- 
lobes;  corolla  lobes  almost  erect;  flowers  pale. 
Alvarado,  on  marshy  places;  very  local.     Sum- 

GA 


(130) 

mer.  (Indian  hemp.)  The  strong,  silky  fiber 
of  the  stem  has  been  recommended  as  a  textile 
substance,  comparable  to  hemp. 

Family  3,    GENTIANACEJE, 
Anthers  introrse.     Lobes  of  the  corolla   not 
oblique.       Ovary  oo-ovulate,    septicidal.     Not 
lactescent. 

1.     Microcala  Link.     (Cicendia  Adans.) 

Calyx  costate,  4-dentate.  Corolla  salver- 
shaped.  Withering  anthers  not  spirally 
contorted.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  peltate  or 
2-lobed. — 0.  Dwarfish  herbs.  Flowers  yel- 
low. 

1.  M.  QUADRANGULARIS  Gries.  Saucelito. 
Spring. 

2.    Erythraea  Pers.         CANCHALAGUA. 

Calyx  tubular,  angular,  5-cleft.  Corolla 
funnel-shaped,  withering,  but  not  deciduous. 
Withering  anthers  spirally  contorted.  Style 
filiform,  deciduous.  Capsule  1-celled,  half 
divided  by  the  prominent  parietal  placenta. 
0 .  Flowers  pink. 

1.  E.  FLORIBUNDA  Benth.     Anthers  oblong; 
lobes  of  corolla   lanceolate;    seeds    globular. 
San  Bruno  range.     Spring. 

2.  E.  MUHLENBERGII  Gries.  Anthers  oblong; 
lobes    of     corolla    very    obtuse;    seeds   oval. 
San  Miguel.     Spring. 


(131) 

3.  E.  DOUGLASII  Gray.      Anthers    oblong; 
lobes  of  corolla  obtuse;  seeds  globular. — San 
Francisco.     Spring. 

4.  E.  TRICHANTHA    Gries.      Anthers    linear; 
lobes    of   corolla   narrow,   lanceolate. — Marin 
County.     Spring. 

5.  E.  VENUSTA  Gray.     Anthers  linear;  lobes 
of  corolla  oval. — San  Leandro.     Spring. 

3,    Gentiana  k.       GENTIAN. 

Corolla  campanulate  4-5  lobed,  withering 
but  not  deciduous.  Style  short  or  0.  Stigma 
2-parted,  persistent.  Capsule  septicidal. —  2£. 

1.  G.  OREGANA  Engelm.  Flowers  blue. — Ta- 
malpais.  Very  local.  Autumn. 

4,    Menyanthes  Toum.       BUCK  BEAN. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  induplicate  in  nesti- 
vation,  deciduous.  Limb  5-lobed,  bearded  on 
the  upper  surface. —  It-  Aquatic.  Flowers 
white. 

1.  M.  TRIFOLIATA  L.  San  Francisco.  Sum- 
mer. (Extinct  since  1859.) 

ORDER  2— DIANDK^E.  Corolla  regular. 
Gamopetalous,  4-5  cleft  or  0.  Stamens  2. 
Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  in  each  cell  1-3.  Leaves 
opposite. 

Family  1.    OLEACE^l, 

./Estivation  valvate. 


(132) 

1,    Fraxinus  Tourn.        ASH. 

Flowers  diclinous.  Calyx  2-4  parted  or  0. 
Corolla  2-4  parted;  divisions  2-4  or  0.  Ovary 
2-celled;  cells  2-ovulate.  Stigma  sessile, 
2-cleft.  Fruit  a  samara. —  ^  . 

1.  F.  DIPETALA  Hook.    &   Arn.     Petals  2. 
b  . — Livermore.     Niles.     Spring, 

2.  F.  OKEGANA  Nutt.     Dioecious,  apetalous. 
"b  . — Near    creeks.     Mar  in    County.       Menlo 
Park.     San  Mateo.     Niles.    Spring. 

Infusion  of  leaves  has-  formerly  been  used 
at  the  Russian  settlements  against  rheumatism. 

ORDER  3— LAMIALES.  Corolla  2-labiate. 
Number  of  stamens  less  than  lobes  of  the  co- 
rolla. Ovaries  2-4  or  ovary  2-4  celled. 
Cells  1-2  or  4-ovulate.  Fruit;  an  akene,  drupe 
or  capsule.  Leaves  opposite,  Stipules  0. 

Family  1,       LABIATJE, 

Ovary  4-cleft,  4-ovulate,  inserted  on  a 
hypogynous  disc.  Style  1.  Fruit  4  akenes, 

1,     Trichostema  Gronov.        BLUE  CUELS. 

Tube  of  the  corolla  slender,  limb  5-cleft. 
Lobes  oblong,  declined.  Stamens  didyna- 
mous,  long-exserted.  Filaments  spiral  in  the 
bud. 

1.  T.  LANCEOLATUM  Benth.  Flowers  blue. 
0. — Niles  Station.  Livermore.  Dry  river 
beds.  Summer. 


(133) 

2,    Mentha  L.       MINT. 

Calyx  5-dentate.  Tube  of  corolla  included, 
limb  exserted,  4-lobed;  upper  lobe  the  larg- 
est. Stamens  4,  scarcely  didynamous,  erect, 
distant.  Anthers  2-celled.  Cells  parallel. — If. 

1.  M.   VIRIDIS   L.     Inflorescence   terminal; 
dense    glomerules,    crowded    around    narrow 
spikes;   spikes  leafless;  leaves  almost   sessile. 
Irrigated  grounds.     Summer.     Autumn.      Es- 
caped   from   cultivation.     Native    of   Europe. 
(Spearmint.) 

2.  M.  PIPEBITA  L.     Inflorescence   terminal; 
glomerules  on  uninterrupted    narrow     spikes; 
spikes  leafless;  leaves  distinctly  petioled;  flow- 
ers pale. — Irrigated  grounds.     Summer.     Au- 
tumn.    Escaped   from  cultivation.     Native  of 
Europe.    (Peppermint.) 

3.  M.    CANADENSIS    L.     Inflorescence  axil- 
lary; uppermost  axils  of  leaves  without  flow- 
ers.— Wet  places.     Native  species.     Summer. 

3.    Lycopus   Tourn.        WATER  HOKEHOUND. 

Diandrous.  Posterior  pair  of  stamens  0  or 
sterile.  Otherwise  as  Mentha. — If. 

1.  L.  LUCIDUS  Turcz.  Flowers  pale — Mar  in 
County.  Aquatic.  Summer. 

4,    Pycnanthemum  Benth.       MOUNTAIN  MINT. 
Corolla   tube   as  long  as  the  calyx,  limb  2- 
labiate,  upper  lip   nearly   entire.      Lower  lip 


(134) 

3-lobed.     Lobes  obtuse.     Stamens  4,  straight, 
divergent.     Cells  of  anthers  parallel. — 1C. 

1.  P.  CALIFOIINICUM  Torr.  Flowers  pale. 
Contra  Costa.  Summer. 

5.    Monardella  B^nth. 

Limb  of  corolla  2-labiate.  Upper  lip  2- 
cleft.  Lower  lip  3-cleffc.  All  the  lobes  nar- 
row. Stamens  4,  straight,  divergent.  Cells 
of  anthers  at  last  divergent  or  divaricate. 

1.  M.  VILLOSA    Benth.      Flowers   capitate; 
leaves  ovate,  pinnately  veined.     Bracts   ovate, 
foliaceous;      flowers      purplish. — if.       Marin 
County.     Summer. 

2.  M.  DOUGLASII  Benth.     Flowers  capitate; 
leaves     lanceolate;    bracts     ovate,     pinnately 
veined,  membranaceous,  tapering  gradually  into 
a  cusp;   flowers  purplish. — 0.  Marin  County. 
Summer. 

3.  M.  BREWERI    Gray.      Flowers   capitate, 
leaves  ovate,  pinnately  veined,  abruptly  cuspi- 
date;   flowers    purplish. — 0.     Contra    Costa. 
Summer. 

4.  M.    LANCEOLATA    Gray.      Flowers    capi- 
tate;  leaves    lanceolate;    bracts   nerved,  with 
veinlets  crossing  from  nerve  to  nerve;  flowers 
rose-color. — 0.    Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

5.  M.  UNDULATA  Benth.     Flowers  capitate; 
leaves  spathulate,  obtuse,  undulate-margined; 
bracts  ovate,  nerved,  without  veinlets  crossing 


(135) 

from    nerve    to  nerve;   flowers  purplish. — 0. 
Common.     Summer. 

6,     Micromeria  Benth.        YERBA  BOHNA. 

Calyx  tubular,  13-nerved,  5-dentate.  Cor- 
olla 2-labiate.  Stamens  didynamous,  ascend- 
ing.—1C. 

1.  M.  DOUGLASII  Benth.  Flowers  white. 
Common.  Summer. 

Formerly  much  in  use  as  a  carminative. 

7.    Pogogyne  Benth. 

Calyx  campanulate,  15-nerved,  5-cleft.  2 
lower  teeth  much  longer  than  the  three  upper 
ones.  Corolla  2-labiate.  Stamens  didyna- 
mous, ascending,  convergent  in  pairs.  Style 
villous, — ©. 

1.  P.  DOUGLASII  Benth.     All   stamens  fer- 
tile; inflorescence  taking  the  shape  of  a  contin- 
uous spike;  lower  calyx  lobes  twice  the  length 
of    the   calyx-tube;   flowers   violet. — Common. 
Summer. 

2.  P.  PARVIFLORA  Benth.     All  stamens  fer- 
tile; inflorescence  taking  the   shape   of  a  con- 
tinuous spike;    lower   calyx  lobes   about   the 
length  of  the  calyx-tube;  flowers  violet. — Berke- 
ley hills.     Summer. 

3.  P.    SERPYLLOIDES  Gray.     Posterior    pair 
of  stamens   sterile;   inflorescence   taking     the 
shape  of  an  interrupted  spike;  flowers  violet. 
Berkeley.     Summer, 


(136) 

8.    Acanthomintha  Gray. 

Calyx  tubular  13-nerved,  naked  in  the  throat. 
Upper  lip  3-dentate.  Lower  lip  2-parted, 
shorter.  Teeth  spinulose.  Corolla  tube  ex- 
ceeding the  calyx,  naked.  Upper  lip  curved, 
entire  or  2-lobed.  Lower  lip  3-lobed.  Upper 
pair  of  stamens  sterile  and  shorter.  Lower 
pair  ascending.  Anthers  2-celled.  Cells 
divaricate.  Bracts  thorny. — 0. 

1.  A.  LANCEOLATA  Curran.  Flowers  rose- 
color. — Niles.  Summer. 

9,    Sphacele  Benth. 

Calyx  campanulate,  enlarged  in  fruit,  10- 
nerved,  reticulate-veined,  5-dentate.  Tube  of 
the  corolla  wide,  with  a  hairy  ring  near  its 
base,  the  5  lobes  of  the  limb  obtuse .  Lower 
lobes  the  longer  ones.  Stamens  ascending. 
Cells  of  the  anthers  divergent. —  £  .  Flowers 
large,  pale. 

1.  S.  CALYCINA  Benth, — San  Mateo.  Sum- 
mer. 

10.    SalviaL-        SAGE. 

Calyx  2-labiate.  Corolla  ringent.  Stamens 
2,  parallel.  Anthers  separated  by  a  connective, 
shaped  like  a  branch  of  the  filament;  only  the 
posterior  end  of  it  bearing  an  anther  cell. 

1.  S.  CARDUACEA  Benth.  White-woolly  with 
cobwebby  hair  ;  radical  leaves  sinuate  to 


(137) 

pinnatifid,  spinulose ;  upper  lip  of  calyx  3-den- 
tate;  flower  lavender-color. — 0.  Livermore. 
Spring. 

2.  S.  COLUMBARIA  Benth.  Puberulent;  radi- 
cal leaves  pinnately  parted;  partitions  crenate, 
rugose;  upper  lip  of  calyx  2-dentate,  teeth  con- 
nivent;  flowers  blue.  —  0.  Niles  station. 
Spring. 

11.    Audibertia  Benth. 

Calyx  2-labiate.  Corolla  2-labiate;  upper 
lip  2-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  ascending. 
Anthers  dimidiate,  (upper  half  of  the  apparent 
filament  showing  by  an  articulation  or  spur  its 
being  originally  a  connective  between  the  2 
cells  of  an  anther.) 

1.  A.  GRANDIFLORA  Benth.     Leaves  hastate, 
sticky ;    flowers    crimson.  — 1£.  £  .     Bernal 
Hights.     Summer. 

2.  A.    STACHYOIDES  Benth.     Leaves  lanceo- 
late; flowers  violet.  —  ^ .     Lake  Chabot.  Sum- 
mer. 

12,    Lophanthus  Benth.          GIANT  HYSSOP. 

Calyx  subregular,  15-nerved,  5-dentate.  Up- 
per pair  of  stamens  longer  and  declined;  lower 
pair  shorter  and  ascending.  Anther  2-celled; 
cells  parallel. — 2£.  Flowers  purplish. 

1.  L.  URTICIFOLIUS  Benth. — Marin  County. 
Summer. 


(138) 

13.     Scutellaria  L.         SKULLCAP. 

Calyx  2-labiate,  closed  in  fruit,  at  last  split- 
ting and  the  upper  lip  deciduous.  Tube  of 
corolla  exserted;  upper  lip  crest  shaped,  with 
2  lateral  lobes;  lower  lip  reduced  to  a  single 
lobe.  Stamens  didynamous,  ascending,  par- 
allel. Anthers  of  the  lower  pair  dimidiate. 

1.  S.  TQBEROSA  Ben tli.     Koot  stock  filiform, 
bearing  tubers;  none  of  thelioral  leaves  shorter 
than  the  flowers;  flowers  blue. — 2£.     San  Fran- 
cisco.    Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

2.  S.  CALIFORNIA  Gray.     Koot  stock  fili- 
form,   but   without   tubers;    uppermost  floral 
leaves   shorter    than    the    flowers;    flowers 
pale. — 2£.     Marin  County.     Spring. 

14.     Prunella  L.          SELF-HEAL. 

Calyx  2-labiate,  closed  in  fruit  and  flattened. 
Corolla  with  a  scaly  or  hairy  ring  near  its  base; 
upper  lip  concave;  lower  lip  3-lobed.  Stamens 
didynamous,  ascending.  Anthers  approximate 
in  pairs. —  2£. 

1.  P.  VULGARIS  L.  Flowers  blue, — San 
Francisco.  Summer. 

15.    Marrubium  L.      HOREHOUND. 
Calyx   tubuLir,  5-10   dentate.     In  fruit  the 
teeth  spreading.  Tube  of  the  corolla  included. 
Limb  2-labiate.     Stamens  didynamous,  includ- 
ed.    Cells  of  anthers  divaricate. — 2£. 


(139) 

1.  M.  VULGARE  L.  Flowers  white. — San 
Francisco.  Contra  Costa.  Summer. 

Native  of  Europe.  Perhaps  in  older  times 
used  as  a  medicinal  herb. 

16.    Stachys.         HEDGE-NKTTLK. 

Limb  of  the  corolla  2-labiate,  upper  lip 
erect,  concave,  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed, 
middle  lobe  longest.  Stamens  ascending,  ap- 
proximate in  pairs,  parallel,  contorted  in  with- 
ering. 

1.  S.  AJUGOIDES  Benth.     Corolla  pale,  tube 
about  the  length   of  the   calyx;  leaves  oblong 
with  rounded  base;  lower  leaves  petioled;  up- 
per sessile;  none  of  the  floral  leaves  shorter 
than  the  clusters,  which  are  arranged  in  an  in- 
terrupted spike. — 2{.     Common?     Summer. 

2.  S.  ALBENS  Gray.  Corolla  pale,  tube  about 
the  length  of  the   calyx;  leaves  oblong  with 
cordate   base;      lower     leaves   short-petioled; 
upper  nearly  sessile;   most  of  the  floral  leaves 
shorter  than  the  inflorescences,  which  are  ar- 
ranged  in  an   interrupted  spike. — 2£.     Santa 
Clara  County.     Summer. 

3.  S.  PYCNANTHA  Benth.    Corolla  pale;  tube 
about  the  length  of  the  calyx;  floral  leaves  all 
reduced  to  small  bracts. — It-    Common.    Sum- 
mer. 


(140) 

4.  S.  BULLATA  Benth.    Corolla  purple;  tube 
somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx. —  71.     Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

5.  S.  CHAMISSONIS  Benth.    Corolla  red;  tube 
twice   as   long   as   the    calyx.— 2^.     Presidio. 
Saucelito.     Wild   Wood  Glen.     Point  Bonita. 
Summer. 

Family  2,    VERBENACE.E. 

Didynamous.  Ovary  undivided.  Fruit  dru- 
paceous or  baccate,  or  splitting  at  length  into 
its  component  parts  (nutlets.) 

1,    Verbena  L. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corolla  salver-shaped.  Fruit 
at  length  splitting  into  four  1-seeded  nutlets. 

1.  V.  OFFICINALIS  L.  Flowers  pale. — 0. 
Not  common.  Summer. 

2,    Lippia  L. 

Fruit  2-celled,  splitting  into  two  1-seeded 
nutlets. 

1.  L.  NODIFLORA  Michx.  Flowers  rose-color. 
0 .  Niles.  Summer. 

Family  3,    PLANTAGINEJE, 

Calyx  4-sepalous,  persistent.  Corolla  gam- 
opetalous,  4-cleft,  scarious.  Stamens  4,  alter- 
nate with  the  lobes  of  the  corolla.  Anthers 
versatile.  Style. 1. 


(141) 

1.    PlantagO   L.        PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  bracteate,  spicate.  Ovary  2-celled 
(spuriously  4-lobed.)  Fruit  a  capsule,  trans- 
versally  dehiscent. 

1.  P.  MAJOR  L.      Corolla   glabrous;   leaves 
5-9  nerved;   cells  of  ovary  containing  several 
ovules. — 1£.     Everywhere.     Summer. 

Popular  remedy  with  the  old  inhabitants. 
Leaves  used  as  external  application ;  supposed 
to  cool  when  put  to  a  sore  with  their  under- 
side, and  to  draw  when  put  there  by  their  up- 
per side. 

2.  P.  MABITIMA  L.     Corolla  tube  externally 
pubescent;    leaves    linear,    fleshy. — It-       On 
rocks  near  the  sea.     Summer. 

3.  P.  LANCEOLATA    L.      Corolla    glabrous; 
leaves  3-5  nerved;  cells  of    ovary  each  con- 
taining 1  ovule. — 00.    San  Mateo.  Summer. 

4.  P.  PATAGONICA    Jacq.     Entire     inflores- 
cence   silky    pubescent;     leaves    1-3-nerved; 
cells   of   ovary   each  containing  1  ovule. — 0. 
Everywhere.     Spring. 

5.  P.  HIETELLA  HBK.    Dioecious;  scape  and 
inflorescence  hirsute;   leaves  5-7  nerved;  cells 
of  ovary  each  containing  2  ovules. — 1C.  Ocean 
Lake.    Berkeley,     Summer. 

An  infusion  of  the  leaves  is  much  recom- 
mended by  old  inhabitants  as  a  gargle  in  diph- 
theria. 


(142) 

6.  P.  BIGELOVII   Gray.     Polygamous,  dian- 
drous;   spikes  short,  thick,  dense;    leaves  fili- 
form, fleshy. — 0.      Salt  marshes.      Summer. 

7.  P.  HETEEOPHYLLA  Nutt.    Dioecious;  spike 
slender;    leaves    fleshy. — ©.     Sandy  ground. 
Spring. 

ORDER  4.  PEKSONALES.  Corolla  gamo- 
petalous,  irregular,  its  lobes  not  corresponding 
in  number  to  the  number  of  stamens  which  are 
inserted  into  its  tube.  Ovarjr  superior,  consol- 
idated from  two  seed-leaves.  Ovules  oo.  Fruit 
a  capsule  or  berry.  Stipules  0. 

Family  1,    OROBANCHEJE. 

Ovary  1-celled;  placentae  parietal.  Parasites 
without  chlorophyll.  Leaves  reduced  to  scales. 

1,    Anoplanthus  Endl.    (Aphyllon}. 

Flowers  without  bractlets.  Calyx  5-cleft. 
Corolla  tubular,  curved;  limb  5-cleft.  Stamens 
didynamous;  cells  of  anthers  separated,  mucro- 
nate  at  their  base.  Placentae  4.  Capsule  1-celled, 
dehiscent  by  2  valves;  each  valve  with  a  pla- 
centa on  each  margin. — 2£. 

1.  A.  UNIFLORUS  L.  Ehizome  bearing  only 
a  few  scapes;  calyx  lobes  longer  than  the 
calyx-tube;  flowers  dull  yellow,  more  or  less 
tinged  with  violet;  fragrant. — Saucelito,  Bare, 


( 143  ) 

2.  A.  FASCICULATUS  Nutt.  Ehizome  bearing 
fasciculate  scapes  (peduncles) ;  calyx  lobes  not 
longer  than  the  calyx  tube  and  much  shorter 
than  the  corolla;  flowers  dull  yellow,  more 
or  less  tinged  with  purple. — Saucelito.  Rare. 
Summer. 

2.    Aphyllon  Mitchell. 

Flowers  with  bractlets.  Otherwise  nearly  as 
the  preceding. — 1£. 

1.  A.  COMOSUM  Gray.  Paniculate-racemose; 
bractlets  remote  from  calyx;  calyx  half  the 
length  of  corolla;  flowers  pink. — Bare.  Sum- 
mer. 

Family  2,    SCROPHULARIACE^, 

Ovary  2- celled.  Placentae  axillary  or  central. 
Capsule  2-celled,  with  2  or  4  valves, 

Tribe  1.    RHINANTHE.E. 

Lower  half  of  corolla  in  aestivation  covering 
the  upper  half.  Corolla  tubular ;  limb  2-labiate. 

1.    Pedicularis  Toum. 

Didynamous.  Corolla  ringent;  upper  lip 
laterally  compressed.  Anthers  of  equal  size 
and  insertion.  Capsule  loculicidal, — 1£. 

1.  P.  DENSIFLOEA  Benth.  Flowers  crimson.— 
IJill-sidest  Spring. 


(144) 

2,    Cordylanthus  Nutt. 

Calyx  spathaceous;  fissure,  if  present,  lat- 
eral; lips  of  corolla  short;  upper  one  laterally 
compressed.  Stamens  didynamous  or  dian- 
drous.  Anthers  2-celled;  cells  separated  and 
of  different  shape  and  insertion.  Capsule  lo- 
culicidal. — 0. 

1.  C.   MABITIMUS  Nutt.      Calyx   1-phyllous; 
flowers  sessile,  axillary;  anthers  of  the  two  longer 
stamens  2-celled;    anthers  of  the  two  shorter 
stamens  dimidiate;  leaves   and   bracts   entire, 
pale   green;  corolla  purplish. — Salt  marshes, 
San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  C.  MOLLIS  Gray.  Calyx  1-phyllous;  flow- 
ers sessile,  axillary,  diandrous;  anthers  2-celled; 
leaves  and  bracts  linear,  hirsute,  the  upper  ones 
sometimes  dentate,  laciniate;   flowers  pale. — 
Salt  marshes.    Vallejo.     Summer. 

3.  C.  PILOSUS  Gray.      Didynamous.     Calyx 
2-phyllous;    all    anthers  2-celled;   leaves  and 
bracts  soft,  villous;  flowers  yellowish  or  pur- 
plish.— Santa  Clara  County,  on   dry  grounds. 
Spring. 

4.  C.  FILIFOLIUS  Nutt.   Didynamous.    Calyx 
2-phyllous,     all    anthers     2-celled;    floral 
leaves  hispid,  flowers   purplish. — Santa  Cruz 
mountains.     Spring. 


.  ( 145  ) 

3.    Orthocarpus  Nutt. 

Calyx  spatliaceous,  cleft  vertically.  Corolla 
personate,  upper  lip  the  smaller  one,  lower  lip 
saccate.  Didynamous;  cells  separated  and  of 
different  shape  and  insertion.  Capsule  locu- 
licidal. — 0. 

1.  O.  LITHOSPERMOIDES  Benth.     Lower  lip 
3-saccate;  sacs  ample,  ventricose,  much  larger 
than  the  upper  lip ;  upper  lip  straight,  slender, 
subulate,  anther  2-celled;  corolla  white,  tinged 
with  purple. — Ocean  Lake.     Colma.     Spring. 

2.  O.  FAUCIBARBATUS  Gray.  Lower  lip  3-sac- 
cate,  much   larger  than   the  straight   slender 
upper  lip;     anthers  1-celled;     stamens  wrapt 
in   the   involute    upper   lip;    plant    glabrous, 
only  bracts  puberulent;  corolla  pale. — Contra 
Costa.     Spring. 

3.  O.  ERIANTHUS  Benth.  Lower  lip  3-saccate, 
much  larger  than  the  straight,  slender  upper 
lip:  anthers   1-celled;    stamens   wrapt    in  the 
involute  upper   lip;   plant  pubescent;   corolla 
yellow;  in  a  variety  (hybrid?)  white   or   rose- 
color,    but  upper   lip    always    dark. — Marin 
County.     Spring. 

4.  O.  FLORIBUNDUS  Benth.     Lower  lip 
3-saccate,  much  larger  than  the  straight  slen- 
der upper  lip;  anthers  1-celled;  stamens  not 
wrapt  in  the  lanceolate  upper  lip;  corolla  white, 
tube  twice  the  length  of    the   calyx. — Marin 

County.     Millbrae.     Spring. 

7 


(146) 

5.  O.  PUSILLUS  Benth.  Lower  lip  3-saccate, 
larger  than  the  slender,  straight  upper  lip;  an- 
thers 1-celled;  stamens  not  wrapt  in  the  lanceo- 
late upper  lip;  corolla  purplish,  its  tube   not 
surpassing  the  calyx. — Common.     Spring. 

6.  O.  PURPUBASCENS  Benth.    Lower  lip  sim- 
ply saccate,  broader  but  not  longer  than  the 
upper   lip,    the  tip  of  which  is  incurved  and 
back  bearded;  bracts  and  corolla  white,  rose  or 
crimson. — Common.     Spring. 

7.  O.  CASTILLEIOIDES  Benth.    Lower  lip  ven- 
tricose;  upper  lip  straight,  its  back  not  beard- 
ed; leaves  lanceolate, commonly  laciniate;  upper 
leaves  not   attenuate,  but   cuneate-dilated  and 
deeply  cleft;  spike  dense;  bracts  and  corolla 
pale,  sometimes  sprinkled   with  red. — Marsh 
near  Tamalpais.     Spring. 

8.  O.  DENSIFLORUS  Benth.  Lower  lip  ventri- 
cose;  upper  lip  straight,  its  back  not  bearded; 
leaves  linear;  upper  leaves  attenuate;  bracts  3- 
cleft,  as  long  as  the  flowers;  spike  dense;  bracts 
and    corolla    purple    and     white. — Common. 
Spring. 

9.  O.  ATTENUATUS  Gray.     Lower  lip  ventri- 
cose;  upper  lip  straight,  its  back  not  bearded; 
leaves  linear;  bracts  with   slender  lobes,  her- 
baceous and  barely  white- tipped;  flowers  pale; 
lower  lip  purple-spotted;  spike  virgate. — Com- 
mon.    Spring. 


(147) 

4.    Castilleia   Nutt.        PAINTED-CUP. 

Calyx  spathaceous,  cleft  vertically.  Corolla 
ringent,  upper  lip  the  larger.  Stamens  didy- 
namous.  Cells  of  anthers  separated  and  of 
different  shape  and  insertion.  Capsule  loculi- 
cidal. 

1.  C.  FOLIOLOSA  Hook.  &  Am.     Dorsal  and 
ventral  side  of  calyx  equally  cleft;  plant    to- 
mentose;    leaves  linear;  bracts    crimson. — 2£. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  C.  PARVIFLORA   Bong.     Dorsal   and  ven- 
tral side  of  calyx  equally   cleft;   plant  villous, 
viscid;   leaves  laciniate,    lobes    linear;   bracts 
crimson,    yellow   or  white. — 1£.     San  Mateo. 
Summer. 

3  C.  LATIFOLIA  Hook.  &  Arn.  Dorsal  and 
ventral  side  of  calyx  equally  cleft;  plant  vil- 
lous, viscid;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  usually  entire; 
when  lobed,  lobe  obtuse,  oval;  bracts  crimson, 
yellow  or  white. — 2£.  Common.  Summer. 

4.  C.  AFFINIS  Hook  &  Arn.  Ventral  side  of 
calyx  more  deeply  cleft  than  dorsal  side. 
Calyx  and  upper  part  of  the  bracts  petaloid, 
crimson,  sometimes  orange. — 2£.  Common. 
Summer. 

Tribe  II.     VERONICE^E. 

Lower  half  of  the  corolla  in  aestivation 
covering  the  upper  half.  Corolla  not  tubular 
nor  2-labiate. 


(148) 

1.    Veronica  k-        SPEEDWELL.    BROOKLTME. 
Calyx  4-5-cleft.       Corolla   rotate,    4-lobed, 
upper    lobe    the    largest.     Ovary  few-seeded. 
Capsule  compressed,  emarginate. 

1.  V.  PEREGRINA  L.     Upper    leaves    alter- 
nate, sessile;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  petiolate; 
flowers    single,    axillary     bluish. — 0.       Low 
grounds.     Spring. 

2.  V.  AMERICANA  Schweinitz.      All    leaves 
opposite;  flowers  in  axillary  racemes;   corolla 
bluish.  — 1£.    Aquatic,  Not  common.  Summer. 

2.    Synthyris  Benth.     (Wulfmia  Jacq.) 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Corolla  campanula  te.  Limb 
of  corolla  4-lobed;  posterior  lobe  emarginate, 
diandrous.  Capsule  2-celled.  Ovules  oo. 

1.  S.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  Gray.  Flowers  pur- 
plish.—  U-  Lagunitas  Creek.  Spring. 

3,    Limosella  L-       MUDWORT. 

Calyx  5-dentate.  Didynamous.  Limb  of 
corolla  5-cleft.  Cells  of  anthers  confluent, 
transversely  dehiscent.  Capsule  1-celled,  co- 
seeded. — 0. 

1.  L.  AQUATICA  L.  Flowers  pale. — Salt 
marshes.  Summer. 

Tribe  III.      GRATIOLE^E. 

Upper  lip  in  aestivation  covering  the  lower. 
Stigma  flat,  2-lobed. 


(149) 

1,   Gratiola  L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  two  bractlets.  Corolla 
2-labiate.  Filaments  4;  two  of  them  fertile, 
two  sterile  (sometimes  0).  Ovary  oo-ovulate. 
Capsule  loculicidal,  at  length  septifragal. 

1.  G.  EBRACTEATA  Benth.  Corolla  pale. 
0. — Marin  County.  Spring. 

2.    Mimetanthe  Greene. 

Calyx  campanulate,  not  angulate.  Capsule 
dehiscent  only  by  the  dorsal  suture. 

1.  M.  PILOSA  Greene.  Corolla  yellow. — 0. 
Dry  river  beds.  Summer.  The  whole  plant 
has  a  nauseous  smell,  resembling  that  of  Datura 
stramonium. 

3.    Mimulus  L.       MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  angular;  angles  carinate.  Placentae  of 
the  capsule  remain  united  and  only  separate  at 
last  near  the  apex.  Valves  of  the  capsule  mem- 
branaceous. 

1.  M.  INCONSPICUUS  Gray.    Glabrous;  leaves 
ovate,  entire,  3-5  nerved;  all  cauline  leaves  ses- 
sile; calyx  ventricose,  its  teeth  about  equal  and 
very   short;   corolla  yellow. — 0.     Livermore. 
Summer. 

2.  M.  NASUTUS   Greene.     Glabrous;  stem  4- 
augular;  leaves    dentate,    3-5    nerved,  mostly 
petioled;  calyx   ventricose,  in  fruit    conspicu- 
ously pointed  by  the  projecting  upper  tooth; 


(150) 

corolla  yellow,  commonly  with  a  purple  spot 
on  the  lower  lip. — 0  Common  in  marshy 
places.  Summer. 

3.  M.  LUTEUS  L.    Glabrous;  leaves  variable 
in  form,   dentate;  upper   leaves   sessile,  lower 
leaves    petiolate;    calyx    ventricose,    inflated; 
teeth  unequal,  but  in  fruit  without  the  projec- 
tion   of      the    upper    largest    tooth;    corolla 
yellow,  marked  with  purple. — 24!.     Common  in 
marshy  places.     Summer. 

4.  M.  MOSCHATUS  Dougl.     Villous  and  vis- 
cous; leaves  pinnately  veined;  corolla  yellow.— 
2£.      Wet  places   in   the    mountains.      Sum- 
mer. 

5.  M.  CABDINALIS  Dougl.     Villous  and  vis- 
cous; leaves  ovate,  the  upper  connate;  limb  of 
corolla  very  oblique;  corolla  scarlet. — 1C .   Wa- 
ter-courses.    Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

4.    Diplacus  Nutt.        STICKY  MONKEY-FLOWER. 

Calyx  angular;  angles  carinate.  Placentas 
meeting,  but  in  dehiscence  separate  through 
their  whole  length.  Valves  of  the  capsule  co- 
riaceous. Tube  of  corolla  funnel-shaped. 

1.  D.  GLUTINOSUS  Wendt.  Flowers  orange- 
color,  but  running  sometimes  into  different 
shades  of  yellow  and  red. —  ^ .  Common.  Sum- 
mer. 


(151) 

5.    Eunanus  Benth. 

Calyx  angular;  angles  carinate.  Placentae  of 
the  capsule  separate  in  dehiscence  for  their 
whole  length.  Tube  of  corolla  slender,  fili- 
form. 

1.  E.  DOUGLASII  Benth.  Corolla  red, 
sometimes  spotted  . — 0 .  Marin  County. 
Spring. 

Tribe  IV.     DIGITALE^E. 

Upper  lip  of  corolla  in  aestivation  covering 
the  lower  lip.  Stigma  minute,  not  flat.  Cap- 
sule septicidal. 

1,    Pentstemon  L'Herit. 

Didynamous,  with  a  fifth  sterile  filament. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Limb  of  corolla  labiate. — It. 

1.  P.  AZUBEUS   Benth.      Anthers  sagittate; 
their  cells  confluent  at  the  apex,  dehiscent  by 
a  common  split,  that  does  not  extend  beyond 
the  middle   of  the  cell;  corolla  blue.     Niles. 
Summer. 

2.  P.  CENTBANTHIFOLIUS  Benth.    Cells  of  the 
anthers  divaricate;  dehiscent  for  their  whole 
length;  corolla  scarlet.     Niles.     Summer. 

Tribe  V.    ANTIKRHINE^:. 

Upper  lip  in  aestivation  covering  the  lower 
lip.  Tube  of  corolla  gibbous  or  calcarate. 
Capsule  neither  loculicidal  nor  septicidal. 


(152) 

1.    Collinsia  Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  personate,  upper 
lip  erect,  lower  lip  3-lobed,  middle  lobe  later- 
ally compressed,  hiding  the  didynamous  sta- 
mens. Capsule  few-seeded,  septifragal. — 0 . 

1.  C.    PAEVIFLORA    Dougl.      Flowers    with 
long  pedicels,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  throat  of  corolla  longer  than  the  limb; 
corolla  small,  blue;  upper  lip  sometimes  white. 
Saucelito.     Spring. 

2.  C.  SPARSIFLORA  Fisch  &  Meyer.     Flowers 
with  long  pedicels;  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils 
of   leaves;  throat  of  corolla   shorter  than  the 
limb;  corolla  pale-purple  lower  lip  violet. — Ma- 
rin  County.     Ocean  Lake.     Spring. 

3.  C.   BARTSI^FOLIA    Benth.     Flowers  with 
short  pedicels,  crowded  in  the  axils  of  leaves 
or  bracts;  throat  of  corolla  longer  than  broad; 
corolla  pale-p urplish.  —  Mission     Dolores. 
Spring. 

4.  C.  BICOLOR   Benth.     Flowers  with  short 
pedicels,    crowded   in   the   axils   of   leaves  or 
bracts;  throat  of  corolla  as  broad  as  long,  in- 
flated and   saccate;  upper  lip   of  corolla  pale, 
lower  lip  violet. — San  Rafael.     Spring. 

2.    Antirrhinum  L-       SNAPDRAGON. 
Didynamous.      Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  sac- 
cate, 2-labiate,  personate.     Capsule  dehiscent 
by  pores  at  the  apex. 


(163) 

1.     A.  VAGANS  Gray.     Corolla,  violet.-—© . 
Contra  Costa.     San  Mateo.     Spring, 
3.    Linarla  Tonrn.        TOAD-FLAX. 

Didynamous.  Calyx  5-cleft,  Corolla  with 
a  spur,  2-labiate,  personate.  Capsule  sepa- 
rating at  the  apex  into  two  valves. . 

1.  L.  CANADENSIS  Dumont.  Corolla  blue.— 
0.  Common.  Spring. 

Tribe  VI.     VERBASCE^;. 
Upper  lip  in  aestivation  covering  the  lower 
lip.      Corolla  neither  ringent  nor  personate. 
Capsule  septicidal. 

1.'   Scrophularia  Touru.       FIG  WORT. 

Corolla  short,  globular.  Limb  narrow,  5- 
lobed.  Middle  lobe  of  lower  lip  reflexed.  Di- 
dynamous (rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen). 

1.  S.  CALIFORNICA  Cham,  Corolla  dark  pur- 
ple.— 2£.  Common.  Summer. 

Order  5.  POLEMONIALES.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  more 
than  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Stipules  0. 

Family  1.    SOLANACEJE, 

Corolla  regular.  Ovary  2-4  celled;  GO -ovu- 
late.  Fruit  capsule  or  berry. 

1.    Solanum  L-        POTATO.        NIGHTSHADE. 
Calyx  persistent  in  fruit.     Corolla  rotate ;   in 
aestivation  valvate,  induplicate.     Anthers  con- 
74 


(154) 

nivent,  opening  by  apical  pores.     Fruit  an  co- 
seeded  berry. 

1.  S.  NIGEUM  L.  Corolla  deeply  5-cleft; 
white  or  blue;  berry  black  or  orange. — 0. 
Common  throughout  the  year. 

Very  variable  species.  The  berries  of  most, 
perhaps  of  all  our  Calif ornian  variations  are 
not  poisonous,  and  are  frequently  eaten  by 
children. 

2.      S.    UMBELLIFERUM  Esch.      C  o  r  o  1 1  a 

merely  5-angled,  rotate,  blue;  berries  red. — 11 . 

>> .     Common.    FJowering  at  all  seasons.    The 

berries  of  this  species  are  at  least  suspicious. 

2.    Datura  L.        THOKN-APPLE. 

Calyx  tubular,  circumscissile.  Corolla  fun- 
nel-shaped, plicate  and  convolute  in  aestiva- 
tion. Anthers  dehiscent  longitudinally.  Ovary 
spuriously  4-celled.  Capsule  ovate,  septifra- 
gal.  Seeds  reniform. 

1.  D.  STRAMONIUM  L.  Corolla  white,  tinged 
with  pale  blue. — 0.  Sunnyside.  Summer. 

Poisonous  ballast-weed;  differs  from  the  Eu- 
ropean and  Asiatic  type  by  the  bluish  tinge  of 
its  corolla. 

3.    Nicotiana  L.       TOBACCO. 

Calyx  tubular,  peristent.  Corolla  funnel  or 
salver-shaped.  Anthers  longitudinally  dehi- 
scent. Ovary  2-celled,  oo-ovulate.  Capsule 
septicidal.  Seeds  oo,  minute. 


(155) 

1.  N.  BIGELOVII  Watson.  Flowers  white. 
0 .  Buena  Vista,  Sonoma.  Summer. 

Family  2,    BORRAGINE.E. 
Ovary  4-celled,   4-lobed.     Cells  1-seeded. 
Fruit  4  nutlets.     Style  1. 

1,    Amsinckia  Lehm. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corolla  salver-  or  funnel- 
shaped.  Limb  5-lobed.  Ovary  4-lobed.  Style 
central.  Fruit  4  nutlets,  attached  to  a  conical 
disc  above  its  base. — 0.  Inflorescence  circi- 
nate.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  A.  VEBNICOSA  Hook  &  Arn.     Nutlets  tri- 
quetrous, straight,  smooth,  shining;  attached 
at  the  lower  part  of  the   inner  angle. — Contra 
Costa.     Spring. 

2.  A.  TESSELATA  Gray.     Nutlets  testaceous, 
tessellate,  rugose;  calyx  lobes  obtuse;  corolla 
orange-color. — Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

3.  A.  INTERMEDIA  Fisch.    &   Mey.     Nutlets 
scabrous,  convex  and  carinate   on   the   back; 
calyx-lobes  narrow,  acute;  corolla  tube  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx. — Paper  Mill  Creek.  Spring. 

4.  A.  SPECTABILIS   Fisch.   &  Mey.     Nutlets 
granulate,  convex   and   carinate   on  the  back; 
calyx  lobes   linear;    corolla    orange,   tube    at 
least  twice  the  length   of  the   calyx  lobes.— 
Contra  Costa.     Spring. 


(156) 

6.  A.  LYCOPSOIDES  Lehm.  Nutlets  reticu- 
late, rugose;  calyx  lobes  lanceolate. — Common. 
Spring. 

2,   Krynitzkia  Fisch.  &  Mey. 

(Eritrichiam  Schrad). 

Nutlets  ventrally  attached  to  the  conical  or 
columnar  disc  from  near  their  base. 

1.  K.  MURICULATA  Gray.     Nutlets  attached 
to  the  disc  from  the  base  nearly  up  to  the  apex; 
calyx  in  fruit  somewhat  longer  than  the  nutlets, 
its  sepals  lanceolate,  armed  with  pungent  bris- 
tles; mid-rib  of  sepals  of  usual  shape;  nutlets 
muricate  ;     corolla   white.  —  0 .     Common. 
Spring. 

2.  K.  AMBIGUA  Gray.     Nutlets   attached  to 
the  disc  from  the  base  up  to  nearly  the  apex; 
calyx  in  fruit  considerably  longer  than  the  nut- 
lets, its   sepals   narrow,   armed  with   pungent 
bristles;  mid-rib  of  sepals  prominent;  nutlets 
scabrous;    corolla    white.  —  0.     Common. 
Spring. 

3.  K.  TOEBEYANA  Gray.     Nutlets   attached 
to  the  pyramidal  disc  only  up  to  their  middle; 
nutlets   smooth,    all    four    maturing  ;    corolla 
white. — 0.     Saucelito.     Spring. 

4.  K.  LEIOCARPA  Fisch.  &  Mey.     Nutlets  at- 
tached to  the  subulate  disc  nearly  their  whole 
length,    smooth,    all    four   maturing;    corolla 
white. — 0 .     Saucelito.     Spring. 


(157) 

5.  K.   OXYCARYA   Gray,      Nutlets    attached 
only  by  their  lower  third  to  the  conical  gyno 
base;  only  one  of  the  four   maturing;  corolla 
white.--©.     Marin  County.     Spring. 

6.  K.  CHOBISIANA  DO.     Nutlets  attached  to 
the  disc  only  by  their  base;  corolla  nearly  ro- 
tate; scales  near  the  throat  conspicuous,  puber- 
ulent;  corolla  white.  —  0.     Wet  ground,  San 
Francisco.     Spring. 

7.  K.  CALIFOBNICA  DC.     Nutlets  attached 
to  the  disc  only  by  their  base;  corolla  incon- 
spicuous; scales  near  the  throat  not  puberu- 
lent;  corolla  white. — 0.    Wet  grounds.    Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

3.    Plagiobothrys  Fisch.  &  Mey. 

( Eritrichium  Schrad ) . 

Nutlets  attached  near  the  middle  of  their 
ventral  face  to  the  conical  disc. 

1.  P.  NOTHOFULVUS  Gray.     Calyx  cleft  only 
to  its  middle;   corolla   white. — 0.     Common. 
Spring. 

2.  P.  CANESCENS  Benth.     Calyx  cleft  nearly 
to  the  base;    corolla  white. — 0.     Livermore. 
Spring. 

4,    Pectocarya  DC. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped;  throat  closed.  Style 
central,  very  short.  Fruit  four  nutlets,  mar- 
ginate  and  in  pairs, — 0.  Flowers  axillary, 
sessile,  white. 


(158) 

1.  P.  PENICILLATA  A.  DC. — Marin  County. 
Spring. 

5,    Cynoglossum  L-       HOUND'S-TOXGUB. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped.  Throat  closed  by 
five  scales.  Ovary  4-lobed.  Style  central. 
Fruit  4,  depressed,  echinate  nutlets.  —  It-  In- 
florescence paniculate,  ebracteate,  circinate. 

1.  C.  GRANDE  Dougl.  Corolla  blue.— Com- 
mon in  woods.  Spring. 

6,    Heliotropium  L        HELIOTROPE. 

Corolla  salver-shaped.  Limb  5-lobed;  sin- 
uses plicate.  Ovary  4-celled.  Cells  1-seeded. 
Style  terminal,  short.  Stigma  peltate.  Fruit 
a  4-pyrenous  drupe.  Inflorescence  circinate. 

1.  H.  CUBASSAVICUM  L.  Corolla  pale.  —  7£ . 
Seashore.  Summer. 

Family  3,    HYDROPHYLLE^E. 

Ovary  incompletely  2-celled.  Style  2-cleft 
or  2  styles.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

1.     Efiodictyon  Benth.        YEKBA  SANTA. 

Corolla  campanulate.  Ovary  2-celled;  cells 
oo-ovulate:  styles  2;  stigmas  clavate.  Fruit 
a  capsule,  2-celled,  few-seeded,  at  first  loculi- 
cidal,  at  last  septicidal. —  *? .  Inflorescence 
circinate,  arranged  in  a  panicle.  Flowers  blue 
or  white. 


(159) 

1.  E.  GLUTINOSUM  Benth.  Corolla  pale  or 
bluish. — Chaparral  and  chemisal.  Summer. 

An  exceedingly  variable  species.  The  res- 
inous exudation  of  the  ;young  branches  and 
leaves  has  a  bitter,  somewhat  aromatic  taste. 
The  plant  is  called  "  Yerba  Santa.''  It  acts  as  a 
mild  diuretic,  and  was  used  as  such  by  the  old 
inhabitants  of  California.  At  present  consid- 
erable quantities  are  exported,  partly  for  me- 
dicinal purposes,  ^partly  as  a  harmless  and 
agreeable  substitute  for  hops  in  brewing  cer- 
tain varieties  of  beer,  especially  porter. 

2.  Komanzoffia  Cham. 

Corolla  salver-shaped.  Style  entire.  Stigma 
capitate.  Ovary  incompletely  2-celled,  oo-ovu- 
late.  Capsule  ovate,  loculicidal.  Seeds  cc, 
very  small. —  2£.  Inflorescence  loosely  circin- 
ate. 

1.  R.  SITCHENSIS  Bongard.  Corolla  pale.— 
Sunnyside.  Paper  Mill  Creek.  Spring. 

3.  Emmenanthe  Benth. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Sinuses  naked;  lobes  equal. 
Corolla  campanulate,  persistent.  Ovary  incom- 
pletely 2-celled,  oo-ovulate.  Stigma  2-cleft.— 
©.  Inflorescence  circinate.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  E.  PENDULIFLORA  Benth.  Corolla  cream- 
colored. — Livermore.  Summer. 


(160) 

4.   Phacelia  Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  Sinuses  naked.  Lobes 
equal.  Corolla  campanulate,  deciduous.  Ovary 
incompletely  2-celled  or  1-celled,  with  two  pa- 
rietal placentae.  Number  of  ovules  variable. 
Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule  incompletely  2-celled 
or  1-celled,  loculicidal.  Inflorescence  circi- 
nate,  cymose. 

1.  P.  CIRCINATA  Jacq.     Ovary  contains  four 
ovules,  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  circinate,  with 
very  short  pedicels;  leaves   entire,  the  lower- 
most tapering  into  a  petiole  with  one  or  two 
pairs  of  leaflets;  corolla  blue  or  white. — It. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  P.  MALV2EFOLIA  Cham.     Ovary   contains 
four  ovules ;  circinate  spikes  solitary  or  gemi- 
nate,  not   collected   into   a  thyrsoid   inflores- 
cence; all  leaves  petiolate,  cordate,  lobed,  den- 
tate; corolla  pale. — -0.     San  Francisco.    Sum- 
mer.    Leaves  sting  somewhat  like  nettles. 

3.  P.  HISPIDA  Gray.     Ovary  contains  four 
ovules;  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  circinate;  flow- 
ers with  short  pedicels;  sepals  very  narrow, 
much  longer  than  the  capsule;  leaves  about  5- 
parted;  corolla  red. — 0.    Livermore.     Spring. 

4.  P.  DISTANS  Benth.     Ovary  contains  four 
ovules;  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  circinate;  flow- 
ers sessile;  sepals  unequal   and   much   longer 
than   the   capsule;   leaves  finely   and    decom- 


(161) 

poundly  dissected;  stamens  scarcely  exserted; 
corolla  whitish,  ochroleucous  or  violet. —0. 
Alameda.  Marin  County.  Summer. 

5.  P.  TANACETIFOLIA    Benth.       Ovary    con- 
taining four  ovules;  inflorescence  thyrsoid,  cir- 
cinate;  flowers  with  very  short  pedicels:  sepals 
but  little  longer  than  the  capsule;  leaves  finely 
and  decoinpoundly  dissected;  stamens  much  ex- 
serted; corolla  bluish. — © .  Strawberry  Valley. 
Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

6.  P.  CILIATA  Benth.  Ovary  containing  four 
ovules;    inflorescence   cymose,   circinate;    the 
circinna  rather  short;  sepals  in  fruit  accrescent 
and    transversely     veined:     leaves    pinnately 
parted,  the  parfcitionspinnatifid;  stamens  some- 
what shorter  than  the  corolla;  white  or  blue. 
0. — Belmont.     Spring. 

7.  P.  DIVAEICATA  Gray.     Ovary   containing 
more  than   four  ovules;   inflorescence    in    ra- 
cemes; pedicels  short;  leaves  ovate,  entire;  co- 
rolla blue. — 0.     Tiburon.     Spring; 

5,    Ellisia  L. 

Calyx  5-parted,  sinuses  naked.  Corolla 
campanulate,  stamens  included.  Ovary  1- 
celled  with  two  parietal  placentae.  Stigma  2- 
cleft.  Capsule  membranaceous,  loculicidal, 
the  placentae  separating  from  the  capsular 
valves,  simulating  a  second  internal  capsule. 
0. — Flowers  pale. 


(162) 

1.  E.  CHRYSANTHEMIFOLIA  Benth.  Corolla 
whitish. — Oakland  hills.  Spring. 

6,    Nemophila  Nutt. 

Calyx  with  reflexed,  appendiculate  sinuses. 
Corolla  campanulate.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  two 
parietal  placentae.  Stigma  2-cleft.  Capsule 
membranaceous,  loculicidal,  the  placentae 
separating  from  the  capsular  valves,  simulating 
a  second  internal  capsule. — ©. 

1.  N.  INSIGNIS    Dougl.     Ovary    containing 
more  than  four  ovules;  scales  on  the  base  of 
corolla  rounded  and  partly  free;  corolla  blue. 
Common.     Spring. 

2.  N.  MENZIESII  Hook.  &  Arn.     Ovary  con- 
taining more  than  four  ovules;  scales  at  the 
base  of  corolla  narrow  and  wholly  aduate;  co- 
rolla blue  or  white,  more   or  less  marked  by 
dots. — Common.     Spring. 

3.  N.  AUBITA  Lindl.     Ovary  containing  but 
four  ovules ;  scales  on   the   base  of  corolla  in 
pairs,  broad   and   partly  free;   corolla   violet. 
San  Mateo.     Spring, 

4.  N.  PARVIFLORA  Dougl.  Ovary  contains  but 
4  ovules;  scales  on  the  base  of  corolla  oblong, 
wholly  adnate  by  one  edge;  corolla  light  blue 
or  white. — Common  in  shady  places.     Spring. 

Family   4,    POLEMONIACE^i, 
^Estivation  imbricate.    Ovary  3-celled.    Style 
3-cleft.     Embryo  straight.      Cotyledons  folia- 
ceous. 


(163) 

1,    Polemonium  Tourn.        JACOB'S-LADDEB. 

Corolla  rotate.  Stamens  ascending.  Fila- 
ments dilated  at  their  base.  Seeds  oo. 

1.  P.  CAENEUM  Gray.  Corolla  blue. —  2f . 
Point  Bonita,  near  the  lighthouse.  Summer. 

2,    Gillia  Ruiz  &  Pavou. 

Corolla  funnel  or  salver-shaped.  Stamens 
straight,  equally  inserted. 

1.  G.  PUSILLA    Benth.      Leaves    opposite, 
uppermost  sometimes  alternate,  palmately  di- 
vided; divisions  filiform;  corolla  short,  funnel- 
shaped;  pedicels   capillary;    corolla  purplish, 
with  yellowish    throat,   sometimes  pale. — 0. 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

2.  G.  DICHOTOMA  Benfch.     Leaves  all  oppo- 
site;   corolla   salver-shaped,    its   tube  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  flowers  almost  sessile,  but  not 
capitate;    corolla  white. — 0 .     Livermore. 
Spring. 

4.  G.  DENSIFLORA  Benth.  Leaves  opposite, 
palmately  parted,  fascicled  in  the  axils;  corolla 
salver-shaped,  its  tube  about  the  length  of  the 
obovate  lobes;  flowers  in  glomerules;  bracts 
herbaceous;  corolla  red  or  white. — 0,  Alame- 
da.  San  Kafael.  Spring. 

4.  G.  ANDEOSCAEA  Steud.  Leaves  opposite, 
palmately  parted;  corolla  salver-shaped,  its 
tube  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  lobes; 


(164) 

flowers  in  glomerules;  bracts  herbaceous,  hir- 
sute, much  shorter  than  the  corolla  tube;  co- 
rolla red  or  white,  with  yellowish  throat. — 0. 
Common.  Spring. 

5.  G.  MICRANTHA    Steud.     Leaves  opposite, 
palmately  parted;    corolla  salver  -  shaped,    its 
tube  more  than  four  times  the  length  of  the 
lobes;  flowers  in  glomerules;  bracts  herbaceous, 
pubescent,  shorter  than  the  flower-tube;    co- 
rolla red,  white,  lilac  or  yellow. — 0. 

6.  G.    -TENELIA    Benth.      Leaves   opposite, 
palmately  parted;  corolla   salver- shaped,    its 
tube  more  than  four  times  the  length  of  the 
corolla   lobes;    flowers   in  glomerules;    bracts 
herbaceous,  hispidulous,  shorter  than  the  co- 
rolla tube;  corolla  purple  or  pink,  with  yellow 
throat. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

7.  G.  CILIATA  Benth.    Leaves  opposite,  pal- 
mately parted;  corolla  salver-shaped,  its  tube 
more  than  four  times  the  length  of  the  lobes; 
flowers  in    glomerules;    bracts    very  hirsute, 
about  the  length  of  the   corolla   tube;    calyx 
lobes  acerose;  corolla  rose,  violet  or  pale. — 0. 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

8.  G.    SQUAEEOSA    Hook.    &   Arn.      Leaves 
alternate,  pinnately  parted,  partitions  parted  or 
incised;  corolla  funnel-shaped;  flowers  in  glo- 
merules, densely  bracteate;  bracts  rigid,  pun- 
gent; stamens  included  in  the  tube  of  the  co- 
rolla; corolla  blue. — 0.    Common.     Summer, 


(165) 

The  disagreeable  smell  of  this  plant  is  the 
cause  of  its  California  name,  "  Skunkweed." 

9.  G.  COTUL^BFOLIA  Steud.  Leaves  alternate, 
2-pinnately  parted;  corolla  funnel-shaped;  flow- 
ers in  glomerules,    densely   bracteate;    bracts 
spinescent;  stamens  exserted;  ovules  no  more 
than  two  in  each  cell;  corolla  bluish  or  pale.— 
0.     Common.     Summer. 

Smell  somewhat  like  Chamomile. 

10.  G.  INTERTEXTA  Steud.  Leaves  alternate, 
pinnately  parted,  partitions  but  little,  if  at  all, 
divided;  flowers  in  glomerules,  densely  brac- 
teate;   bracts  with  very   villous   base;  corolla 
funnel-shaped,  not  exceeding  the  calyx  lobes; 
stamens  exserted;    ovules  more   than   two   in 
each  cell;  corolla  small  and  white. — 0.    Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

11.  G.  LEUCOCEPHALA  Gray.     Leaves   alter- 
nate, pinnately  parted,  soft;  partitions  slender 
and  frequently  entire;  flowers  in   glomerules; 
bracts  barely  pungent;  corolla  funnel-shaped, 
exceeding  the   calyx-lobes;  stamens  consider- 
ably exserted:  ovules  two  in  each  cell;  corolla 
white. — 0.     Common.     Summer. 

12.  G.  VISCIDULA   Gray.     Leaves  alternate, 
pinnately  parted;  partitions   entire,  subulate: 
flowers  in  glomerules;  bracts  dilated  at  their 
base;   corolla  funnel-shaped,  about   twice   the 
length    of    the   spinescent   calyx-lobes;    plant 


(166) 

viscid,  pubescent;  corolla  violet. — 0.     Tamal- 
pais.     Summer. 

13.  G.  DENSI FOLIA  Benth.    Leaves  alternate, 
pinnatelylaciniate,  lobes  spinulose;  corolla  sal- 
ver-shaped; stamens  exserted;  flowers  in  glo- 
merules;  bracts  foliaceous;  stems  leafy  to  their 
tops;  corolla    blue. —  It-      Livermore.      Sum- 
mer. 

14.  G.  VIRGATA   Steud.     Leaves    alternate, 
filiform,  simple  or  3-parted,  the  partitions  fili- 
form; corolla  salver-shaped;  stamens  exserted; 
flowers  in  glomerules;  bracts  foliaceous;  stems 
with  but  few  leaves;  virgate;  corolla  blue. — 0. 
Livermore.     Summer. 

15.  G.  CAPITATA  Dougl.     Leaves   alternate, 
2-3-pinnately  divided  into  slender  lobes;  co- 
rolla   funnel-shaped,    its     throat    being    very 
slightly  dilated;  flowers  crowded  but  not  ses- 
sile, the  cluster  itself  on  a  long  stalk;  bracts 
inconspicuous;    calyx   glabrous;    stamens   in- 
serted into  the  sinuses  of  the  light  blue  corolla. 
0 . — Marin  County.     Summer. 

16.  G.  ACHILLE^FOLIA  Benth.    Leaves  alter- 
nate, 2-3-pinnately  divided  into  slender  lobes; 
corolla  somewhat  funnel-shaped,  but  its  throat 
abruptly  and  amply  dilated;  flowers  in  clusters 
but  not   sessile;  bracts   inconspicuous;    calyx 
woolly;   corolla  blue. — 0.     Sand    hills.     San 
Francisco.     Summer. 


(167) 

17.  G.   MULTICAULIS  Benth.     Leaves  alter- 
nate, 2-pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes;  co- 
rolla funnel-shaped,  its  tube  shorter  than  the 
calyx  and  about  the  length  of  the  ovate  corolla 
lobes;   flowers   in   clusters,   pedicels    in   fruit 
about  equaling   the   calyx;  bracts  inconspicu- 
ous; corolla  violet. — 0.     Oakland  hills.    Sum- 
mer. 

18.  G.  TRICOLOR  Benth.     Leaves   alternate, 
2-pinnately   parted   into  linear   lobes;    corolla 
much   longer  than   the   calyx  with  very  short 
tube,  but  ample,   funnel-shaped  throat;  lobes 
of  the  corolla  longer  that  the  stamens;  flowers 
in   short    peduncled    clusters;    pedicels   very 
short;  bracts  inconspicuous;  tube  of  the  corolla 
yellowish,  throat  marked  with   purple;   lobes 
violet. — 0.     Livermore.     Summer. 

19.  G.     INCONSPICUA  Dougl.     Leaves  alter- 
nate,   pinnatifid;   lobes   short,  mucronate;  co- 
rolla narrowly  funnel-shaped,  about  the  length 
of  the  calyx;  bracts  inconspicuous;  corolla  vio- 
let.—  0.     Common.     Summer. 

3,    Collomia    Nutt. 

Corolla  salver-shaped,  with  long  tube.  Sta- 
mens unequally  inserted. 

1.  C.  GRACILIS  Dougl.  All  leaves  sessile, 
entire;  corolla  violet;  the  tube  yellowish. — 0. 
Tamalpais,  Spring. 


(168) 

The  seeds  when  moistened  develop  a  muci- 
lage, which  in  Mexico  is  called  "Chia"  and 
used  in  the  preparation  of  a  cooling  drink. 

2.  C.  GILIOIDES  Benth.    Lower  leaves  petio- 
late  and  most  of  them  pinnately  incised;  calyx 
rounded  at   base;   corolla   pink. — 0.     Tamal- 
pais.     Spring. 

3.  C.  HETEROPHYLLA  Hook.     Lower  leaves 
petiolate,  2-pinnatifid;  calyx  acute  at  its  base; 
corolla  pink. — 0.     Lagunitas  Creek.     Spring. 

Family  5.    CONVOLVULACE.E. 

Estivation  contorted.  Ovary  2-3  or  4-celled. 
Embryo  curved.  Cotyledons  foliaceous,  con- 
duplicate,  corrugate. 

1.   Dichondra  Forst. 

Ovary  divided  into  two  carpidia,  each  2-ovu- 
late.  Creeping  herb.  Flowers  inconspicuous. 

1.  D.  REPENS  Forst.  Flowers  pale. —  1C. 
Telegraph  hill.  Spring. 

2,    Convolvulus  L. 

BlND-WEED.      MORNING-GLOBY. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corrolla  funnel- 
form,  5-angulate,  5-plicate.  Cells  of  the  cap- 
sule 2-ovulate. — 2f . 

1.  C.  SOLDANELLA  L.  Margin  of  corolla  en- 
tire; stigmas  ovate,  thickish;  corolla  pink. 
Seashore.  Summer. 


(169) 

2.  0.  CALIFORNICUS  Clioisy.     Margin  of  co- 
rolla entire;  stigmas  linear-oblong,  flat;  bracts 
at  the  base  of  the  calyx;  corolla  white  or  red- 
dish.— Berkeley.     Summer. 

3.  0.  LUTEOLUS   Gray.     Margin   of    corolla 
entire;  stigmas  linear,  flat;  bracts  distant  from 
the  calyx;  corolla  pale-yellow,  sometimes  red- 
dish.— Common.     Summer. 

4.  0.  ARVENSIS  L.     Margin   of    corolla   en- 
tire ;  stigmas  filiform ;  bracts  at  the  base  of  the 
pedicel  and  minute;  corolla  white,  sometimes 
tinged  with  rose. — Common.     Summer. 

5.  C.  PENTAPETALOIDES   L.     Corolla  deeply 
5-cleft,  purplish. — 0.     Not  common.     Contra 
Costa.     Summer. 

3,    Cressa  L, 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-parted,  not  plicate. 
Styles  2.  Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovulate.  Fruit 
a  1-seeded  capsule. — !£.* 

1.  C.  CRETICA  L.  jDorolla  white,  silky  out- 
side.— Seashore.  Si*mmer. 

4,    GuSGUta  Tourn.        DODDER. 

Aphyllous.  Destitute  of  chlorophyll.  Co- 
rolla urceolate.  •  Limb  4-5-lobed.  Ovary  2- 
celled;  cells  2-ovulate.  Capsule  indehiscent, 
sometimes  circumscissile.  Embryo  spiral. 
Cotyledons  0. 
8 


(170) 

1.  C.  SALINA  Engelm.     Calyx  lobes  as  long 
as  the   tube   of  the   white  corolla. — Common. 
Summer.    Parasite  of  Salicornia  and  other  salt- 
marsh  herbs. 

2.  C.  SUBINCLUSA  Durand  &  Hilgard.  Calyx 
lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  corolla; 
corolla  white,  calyx  usually  reddish. — Parasites 
on  Ceanotlius  and  other  shrubs. — Not  common. 
Summer. 

Section  II.     ISOCARPKLE  (Number  of  carpidia 
corresponding  to  number  of  floral  parts). 

Order  1.     PEIMULALES. 

Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  corolla. 
Ovary  1-celled.  Placenta  central. 

Family  1,    LENTIBULARLE, 

Diandrous.     Corolla  irregular,  spurred. 

1,    Utricularia  L.       BLADDERWORT. 
1.     U.  VULGARIS  L.     Corolla  yellow.    Aqua- 
tic.— Olema.     Summer. 

Family  2,    PLUMBAGINE^E. 

All  parts  in  fives  except  the  ovule,  which  is 
single. 

1,    Armeria  Willd.        THRIFT. 

Flowers  in  an  involucrate  head.  Corolla  5- 
parted  or  five  distinct  petals.  Styles  5. — 2£. 

1.  A.  VULOARIS  Willd.  Corolla  rose-color. 
Common.  Spring. 


(171) 

2.    Statice  L.  SEA-LAVENDER. 

Flowers  bracteate  in  one-sided  spikes. — 2£. 

1.  S.  LIMONIUM    L.  Corolla  violet. — Salt 
marshes.     Summer. 

Family  3,    PRJMULACEJE, 
Pentandrous.     Placenta  central,   oc-ovulate. 

1.    Dodecatheon  L-        SHOOTING  STAB. 
Flowers  umbellate.     Filaments  shorter  than 
the  anthers,  connivent  in  a  cone.   Acaulescent. 
Flowers  purple,  pink  or  white. — 2£ . 

2.  D.  MEADIA  L. — Common.     Spring. 

2,    Androsace  Tourn. 

Flowers  umbellate.  Filaments  shorter  than 
the  anthers,  included  in  the  salver-shaped 
corolla. 

1.  A.  OCCIDENT ALIS  Pursh.  Flowers  white.— 
0 .  Contra  Costa  Range.  Santa  Cruz  mount- 
ains. Spring. 

3.      GlaUX  L-  MlLKWOET. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft,  colored.  Corolla 
0.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx.  Capsule  5-valved,  few-seeded. —  1C- 
Leaves  decuscate;  flowers  white. 

1.  G.  MARITIMA  L. — Salt  marshes.  Summer. 
4.  Trientalis  L.  STAR-FLOWER. 

Flowers  several ,  terminal.  Floral  parts  5  to 
7.  Capsule  few-seeded,  longitudinally  dehi- 
scent.— U- 


(at). 

1.  LATIFOLIA  Torrey.  Corolla  pink  or  pale. — 
Shady  woods.  Spring. 

5,  Anagallis  Tourn.        PIMPERNEL. 

Flowers  axillary.  Lobes  of  the  corolla  broad. 
Capsule  transversely  dehiscent.  Leaves  oppo- 
site. 

1.  ARVENSIS  L.  Corolla  red,  sometimes  pale, 
purple  or  blue.  —  0.  Common  all  the  year 
round.  An  infusion  of  this  herb  was  used  by 
the  old  Californians  for  headache. 

6.  Samolus  Tonrn.        BROOKWEED. 

Calyx  half-superior.  Corolla  campanulate. 
Stamens  10;  the  five  fertile  opposite  to  the  lobes 
of  the  corolla;  the  five  sterile,  alternate.  Cap- 
sule 5-valved,  co-seeded.  Leaves  alternate; 
flowers  white . —  If. . 

1.  L.  VALERANDI  L.  Bare.  Formerly  in  a 
marsh  near  San  Francisco;  at  present  found 
occasionally  in  Marin  County. 

ORDER  2.  EEICALES.  Stamens  alternate 
with  the  lobes  of  corolla  or  twice  as  many. 
Placentae  axillary. 

Family  1.    PYROLACE^E, 

Corolla  split  into  petals.  Hypogynous  disc 
0.  Seeds  minute. 


(173) 

1.    Pyrola  Tourn. 

Calyx   5-parted.     Corolla    5-petalous.     Sta- 
mens 10.  Style  filiform. — If.  In  forest  shades. 
1.     P.   APHYLLA    Smith.      Parasitic  without 
chlorophyll;   petals  white. — Lagunitas  Creek. 
Summer, 

Family  2,    RHODORACEJE. 
Ovary  free.     Fruit  a  capsule,  septicidal. 
1,    Rhododendron  L. 

Corolla  funnel-shaped,  5-lobed.  Stamens 
ascending.  Cells  of  anthers  dehiscent  by  an 
apical  pore.  Seeds  oc,  minute. —  £  . 

1.  E.  OCCIDENTALE  Gray.  Corolla  white, 
upper  lobes  yellow. — Point  Bonita.  Taylor- 
ville.  Sonoma.  Summer.  (Azalea.)  The  root 
of  this  shrub  contains  a  powerful  narcotic. 

Family  3,    ERICACEAE, 

Gamopetalous.  Fruit  either  baccate  or  a 
loculicidal  capsule. 

1,    Gaultheria  L-        WINTERGREEN. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  petaloid.  Corolla  urceolate. 
Stamens  10.  Cells  of  anthers  dehiscent  by  an 
apical  pore.  Fruit  a  spurious  berry,  i.  e.,a 
capsule,  5-celled,  oo-seeded,  enclosed  by  the 
enlarged  and  fleshy  calyx. — Leaves  evergreen. 
Flowers  white,  rosy. —  *? . 


(174) 

1.  G.  SHALLON  Pursh.  Berry  red,  at  last 
black.  Edible.  Saucelito.  Tainalpais. 

2.     ArctOStaphylos  Adaus.         MANZANITA. 

Corolla  urceolate.  Stamens  10.  Disc  hypogy- 
nous.  Cells  of  ovary  1-ovulate.  Fruit  a  berry. 
Cells  1-seeded;  seeds  sometimes  coherent  by 
their  covering.  Leaves  evergreen.  Flowers 
white,  rosy. —  \  .  Fruit  edible. 

1.  A.    PUNGENS    HBK.     Almost    glabrous; 
leaves  entire,  coriaceous,  mucronate;  petioles 
slender;    pedicels    glabrous;  drupe   glabrous; 
corolla  white. —  *> .     Common.     Spring. 

2.  A.  TOMENTOSA  Dougl.     Young  branchlets 
tomentose,  old  ones  bristly;  leaves  almost  en- 
tire, coriaceous,  petioled;  ovary  hirsute;  drupe 
puberulent,  but  becoming  glabrous  at  last;  co- 
rolla white. — Hillsides.     Spring. 

3.  A.  ANDERSONII  Gray.     Branchlets  puber- 
ulent and  bristly;   leaves   generally  conspicu- 
ously serrulate,  thin,  almost  sessile;  drupes  de- 
pressed, densely  covered  with  viscous  bristles. 
Livermore.     Spring. 

3.    Arbutus  Tourn.        MADRONA. 

Corolla  urceolate.  Stamens  10.  Disc  hy- 
pogynous.  Cells  of  ovary  oo-ovulate.  Fruit 
a  berry.  Cells  several-seeded.  Leaves  ever- 
green. Flowers  white. —  ^  . 


(175) 

1.  A.  MENZIESII  Pursh. — Common.  Spring. 
Fruit  edible. 

Family  4,    VACCINIE^, 
Ovary  inferior. 

1,    Vaccinium   L         HUCKLEBERRY. 
Anther  cells  separate,  elongated  at  the  apex 
into  a  tube.  Fruit  a  berry,   co-seeded,  crowned 
by  the  persistent  calyx. 

1.  V.  OVATUM  Pursh.  Corolla  pink. —  ^. 
Redwoods.  Spring. 

Sub-Series  2.     POLYPETAL^E. 

Section  1.  DISCOPHOR^E.  Ovary  inferior  and 
crowned  by  a  well  developed  disc. 

OBDEE  1.  UMBELLALES.  Cells  of  ovary 
1-ovulate.  Stamens  alternate. 

Family  1.    UMBELHFEILE. 
Stamens    5.      Ovary    2-celled.      Styles     2. 
Fruit  a  schizocarp.  (Cremocarp.) 

1,    Caucalis  L. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Secondary 
ribs  of  the  cremocarp  more  prominent  than  the 
primary.  Margins  of  the  endosperm  inflexed 
0. — Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  NODOSA  Hudson.  Decumbent;  umbels 
naked. — Marin  County.  Livermore.  Spring. 


(176) 

2.  C.  MICBOCABPA  Hook.  &  Am.  Erect; 
umbels  involucrate. — Common.  Spring. 

The  chewing  of  this  herb,  called  by  the 
Spanish  "Yerba  de  vibora,"  or  an  infusion  of 
it,  is  recommended  by  them  as  an  antidote 
against  the  bite  of  the  rattlesnake. 

2.    Daucus  Tourn.        CARROT. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Secondary 
ribs  of  the  cremocarp  more  prominent  than 
the  primary.  Intervals  1-vittate.  Face  of  the 
endosperm  flat. 

1.  D.  PUSILLUS  Michx.  Flowers  white. — 0. 
Common.  Spring. 

3,   Ferula  Tourn. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed.  Marginal  ribs  winged. 
Wings  coherent.  Dorsal  ribs  filiform.  Vit- 
tse  oo.  Flowers  yellow. — 1[. 

1.  F.  CALIFORNIA  Gray.— Sunnyside.  Sum- 
mer. 

4.    Heracleum   k«        COW-PARSNIP. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed.  Marginal  ribs  winged. 
Wings  coherent.  Vittae  shorter  than  the  mer- 
icarp. — 2£.  Flowers  white. 

1.  H.  LANATUM  Michx. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. Herb  of  suspicious  qualities. 


(177) 

5.    Peucedanum  L. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed.  Marginal  ribs  winged. 
Wings  coherent.  Vittas  as  long  as  the  meri- 
carp. — If. 

1.  P.  DASYCAKPUM  Torr.    &    Gray.     Leaves 
much  dissected;  cremocarp  tomentose;  flowers 
white. — Common.    Summer. 

Smell  of  entire  plant  like  celery. 

2.  P.  UTRiouLATUM  Nutt.    Leaves  much  dis- 
sected; cremocarp  glabrous,  distinctly  ribbed; 
flowers  yellow. — Common.     Summer. 

3.  P.  CARUIFOLIUM  Torr  &  Gray.  Leaves  much 
dissected;  cremocarp  glabrous;  dorsal  ribs  ob- 
solete, only  the  marginal  ones  developed;  flow- 
ers yellow. — Common.     Summer. 

4.  P.  TRITERNATUM  Nutt.     Leaves  2-ternate 
to  3-quinate;  umbellules  involucellate;  flowers 
yellow. — Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

5.  P.  LEIOCARPUM  Nutt.     Leaves    2-ternate 
to  3-quinate;   umbellules   naked;   flowers  yel- 
low.— Livermore.     Summer. 

The  roots  of  several  species  of  Peucedanum 
have  been  used  as  food,  but  as  those  used  in 
this  way  are  not  sufficiently  identified  it  is 
safer  to  abstain  from  using  them  till  the  differ- 
ent species  have  been  subjected  to  an  exami- 
nation, not  merely  in  regard  to  their  botanical 
SA 


(178) 

characters,  but  also  in  regard  to  their  effects 
on  the  human  organism. 

6,    Angelica  L- 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed.  Marginal  ribs  winged. 
Wings  distinct;  intervals  1-vittate.  Flowers 
white. — 2£. 

1.  A.  TOMENTOSA  Watson. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. Properties  like  those  of  the  officinal 
Angelica  ArcJiangelica. 

7,    Selinum  L. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed,  4-winged  by  very  distinct 
marginal  ribs,  and  only  coherent  by  a  carinate 
commissure.  —  1C.  Flowers  white. 

1.  S.  PACIFICUM  Watson.— Saucelito.  Sum- 
mer. 

8.  Ligusticum   L.       LOVAGE. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
dorsally  compressed,  4-winged  by  the  very  dis- 
tinct lateral  ribs.  Mericarps  coherent  by  a 
convex  commissure. — It. 

1.  L.  APIIFOLIUM  Benth.  &  Hook.  Flowers 
white. — Tamalpais.  Summer. 

9,    (Enanthe  L.       FOOL'S  PARSLEY. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
terete,  ovate.  Ribs  obtuse.  Intervals  1-vit- 
tate. Aquatic.  Flowers  white. — 2£. 


(179) 

1.  (E.  CALIFOENICA  Watson. — Common. 
Aquatic.  Summer. 

The  European  congeners  of  this  plant,  (E.fis- 
tulosa  and  (E.  crocata,  are  undoubtedly  pois- 
onous. Our  species  is  eagerly  eaten  by  cattle, 
a  fact  that  becomes  very  evident  in  a  swamp 
near  the  Presidio,  where  it  grows  in  company 
with  Cieuta  Californica,  the  latter  not  being- 
touched  by  the  animals  when  (Enanthe  is  eaten 
up  to  the  roots.  It  would  be  desirable  to  in- 
vestigate the  properties  of  the  species. 

10.    Osmorrhiza  Raf.       SWEET  CICELY. 
Umbels    regularly    compound.     Cremocarp 
terete,    elongate,     angulate,    sulcate,    hispid. 
Vitt?e  0.     Flowers  white.  —  7J. . 

1.  O.   BRACHYPODA  Torr.     Involucral  bracts 
linear   and   acuminate,  equaling    the   flowers. 
Saucelito.     Summer. 

2.  O.  NUDA  Torr.     Involucre  and  involucels 
small  and  caducous. — Common.     Summer. 

11,    Slum  L-        WATER-PARSNIP. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
laterally  compressed,  oblong.  Mericarp  dor- 
sally  convex,  plain  on  the  face,  5-ribbed. 
Kibs  filiform.  Intervals  more  than  1-vittate. 
Flowers  white. — 1C. 

1.  S.  CICUT^EFOLIUM  Gmelin.  —  Aquatic. 
Baden  Station.  Summer.  Probably  poison- 
ous. 


(180) 

12,    Gicuta  L-        WATER-HEMLOCK. 
Umbels    regularly   compound.      Cremocarp 
laterally  contracted.     Ribs  flattened,   intervals 
1-vittate.     Mericarp  terete.  Aquatic.    Flowers 
white.— 2|:. 

1.  C.  CALIFOKNICA  Gray.     Leaves  pinnate, 
the  lower  sometimes  2-pinnate  at  base;  leaflets 
serrate,  the   veinlets  lunning  into   the  teeth. 
Presidio.     Summer. 

2.  C.  BOLANDERI  Watson.     All  leaves  2-pin- 
nate; leaflets  serrate,  the  veinlets  running  into 
the  sinuses;  involucral  bracts  linear. — Suisun. 
Alvarado  marshes.     Summer. 

3.  C.  MACULATA  L.    Lower  leaves  2-pinnate; 
leaflets  serrate,   the   veinlets  running  into  the 
sinuses;  involucre  obsolete. — Tamalpais.  Sum- 
mer.    Poisonous  aquatics. 

13.  Berula  Koch. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
laterally  contracted,  ovate.  Mericarp  terete, 
5-ribbed,  lateral  ribs  not  contiguous.  Epi- 
carp  thick,  corky.  Ribs  filiform.  Intervals 
oo-vittate. 

1.  B.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Koch.  —  If.  Flowers 
white.  Baden  Station.  Summer. 

14.  Pimpinella  L. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
laterally  contracted,  ovate.  Mericarp  convex, 


(  181  ) 

dorsally,  plain  on  the  ventral  side.  5-ribbed. 
Eibs  filiform.  Lateral  ribs  contiguous.  Inter- 
vals oo-vittate. — It. 

1.  P.  APIODORA  Gray.  Flowers  pale. — Contra 
Costa.  Belmont,  San  Mateo.  Summer. 

Odor  pleasant,  like  celery.  An  infusion  of 
the  root  is  used  in  cases  of  chronic  catarrh,  like 
the  tincture  of  its  European  congener.  P. 
Saxifraga. 

15.    Carum  L-       CARAWAY. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
laterally  compressed,  oblong.  Mericarp  equally 
5-ribbed.  Kibs  filiform.  Lateral  ribs  contig- 
uous. Commissure  plain.  Intervals  1-vittate. 
Flowers  white. — 00. 

1.  C.  KELLOGGII  Gray. — -Presidio.  Alameda. 
Sunny  side.  Summer.  Seeds  very  fragrant. 

16,    Apiastrum  Nutt. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
very  much  contracted  at  the  commissure,  cor- 
date. Mericarp  incurved  at  base  and  apex, 
5-ribbed;  ribs  little  elevated.  Intervals  1- 
vittate.  Flowers  white. — 0. 

1.     A.  ANGUSTiFOLiUMNutt.— Niles.     Spring. 

17.    Conium    L-        HEMLOCK. 
Umbels    regularly   compound.       Cremocarp 
laterally  compressed.     Endosperm  deeply  sul- 


(182) 

iate  on  the  ventral  side.  Mericarp  5-ribbed; 
ribs  undulate,  crenate.  Vittse  0.  Flowers 
white. — 0  0 . 

1.  C.  MACULATUM  L. — San  Mateo.  Sunny- 
side.  Summer. 

A  well  known  medicinal  and  poisonous  herb. 
18,  Deweya  Ton.  &  Gray. 

Umbels  regularly  compound.  Cremocarp 
laterally  compressed.  Mericarp  reniforni  in 
transverse  section,  5-ribbed.  Intervals  more 
than  1-vittate.  Flowers  yellow.  —  It- 

1.  D.  HARTWEGI  Gray.     Ribs  of  mericarp 
prominent. — Oakland  hills.     Wild-Cat   Creek- 
Strawberry  Valley.     Spring. 

2.  D.  KELLOGGII  Gray.     Eibs  of  mericarp 
filiform. — Tamalpais.    Spring. 

19,    Sanicula  Tourn.        SANICLB. 

Umbels  not  regularly  compound.  Lobes  of 
calyx  limb  foliaceous.  Flowers  polygamous. 
Cremocarp  subglobose,  aculeate.  Eibs  0.  Vit- 
tse  oo. — !(!. 

1.  S.  TUBEROSA  Torr.     Leaves   2-3-pinnate; 
flowers  yellow. — Tiburon.     Spring. 

2.  S.  BIPINNATIFIDA  Dougl.    Ripe  crernocarp 
sessile;  leaves  long petiolate,  triangular  in  out- 
line,   pinnately   3-5-lobed;   segments  distant, 
incisely  lobed  and  decurrent  on  their  rachis; 
flowers    purple,    in    some    localities     yellow. 
Common.     Spring. 


(183) 

3.  S.  LACINIATA  Hook.  &  Arn.     Ripe  crem- 
ocarp  sessile;  leaves  triangular  in  outline,  3- 
parted,  the  partitions  pinnatifid  to  2-pinnatifid. 
flowers  yellow. — Tamalpais.     Spring, 

4.  S.  MENZIESII  Hook.  &  Arn.     Ripe  crem- 
ocarp  pedicillate;  leaves  deeply  3-5-lobed;  the 
lobes  broad,    dentate;  flowers  yellow. — Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

5.  S.  ARCTOPOIDES  Hook.  &  Arn.     Eipe 
cremocarp  pedicillate;  leaves  deeply   3-lobed, 
the  lobes  laciniately  cleft;    flowers  yellow. — 
Common.     Spring. 

6.  S-  MARITIMA  Kellogg.     Lower  leaves  en- 
tire,   or   slightly   3-lobed;    upper   leaves   pal- 
mately  parted,  partitions   cuneate   and  some- 
what  lobed;   flowers   greenish.  —  Alameda 
marshes.     Summer. 

22.    Eryngium  Tourn.       ERYNGO. 

Umbels  not  regularly  compound.  Lobes  of 
tho  calyx-limb  rigid.  Cremocarp  tuberculate. 
Ribs  0.  Vittae  0. — Spinose  plants. 

1.  E.  PETIOLATUM  Hook.  Flowers  bluish. 
0.  Marshes.  Summer. 

21,    Bowlesia  Ruiz  &  Pavon. 

Umbels  simple.  Cremocarp  ovate,  much 
contracted  on  the  commissure,  plane  on  the 
dorsal  sides  of  the  mericarps.  Ribs  0.  vitta3 
0.  Leaves  opposite. 


(184) 

1.  B.  LOBATA  Euiz  &  Pavon.  Flowers 
white. — 0.  Golden  Gate  Park.  San  Mateo. 
Spring. 

22.     Hydrocotyle  Tourn.         WATER  PENNYWORT. 

Umbels  simple.  Oremocarp  laterally  com- 
pressed, carinate.  Bibs  filiform.  Vittae  0. 
Aquatic. — If. 

1.  H.  PROLIFEKA    Kellogg.     Leaves  peltate, 
emarginate  at  base,  crenate.     Flowers  green- 
ish.— San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  H.    BANUNCULOIDES    L.      Leaves   orbicu- 
lar, not  peltate,  lobate;  lobes  crenate;  flowers 
greenish. — San  Francisco.     Summer. 

Family  2,    ARALIACE^, 

Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe.     Leaves  alternate. 

1,     Panax  L-     (Fatsia  Bentb.  &  Hook). 

Polygamous.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Ovary 
2-celled.  Styles  2.  Fruit  a  2-celled  berry. 

1.  P.  HOKBIDUM  Benth.  &  Hook.  Flowers 
greenish. —  £  .  Tamalpais.  Summer. 

2.    Aralia  L.        SPIKENARD. 

Ovary  5-celled.  Styles  5.  Fruit  a  drupe, 
with  five  pyrenae. 

1.  A.  CALIFORNICA  Watson.  Flowers  green- 
ish; berry  dark  purple  or  black. —  If.  Shady 
gulches.  Summer. 


(185) 

Family  3,    CORNACE.E. 

Stamens  4.     Leaves  opposite. 

1,    Cornus  L.        CORNEL.    DOGWOOD. 

Flowers  £  ,  Petals  4.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Style  1.  Fruit  a  drupe,  with  two  pyrense. —  ^  . 

1.  C.  NUTTALLII  Audubon.     Flowers   in   a 
dense   glomerule,  supported  by  a  conspicuous 
petaloid    involucre  ;    flowers    greenish;    fruit 
red. — Formerly  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, where   it  is  now  extinct.     Still  to   be 
found  on   Bolinas  Heights.     Common  in  the 
Sierra. 

2.  C.  CALIFORNICA  C.  A.  Meyer.     Flowers 
in  a  cyme,  not  involucrate  white ;  fruit  white, 
sometimes   blue. — Crystal     Springs.        Marin 
County.     Summer. 

2.    Garrya  Dougl.       TASSEL  TREE. 

Dioecious.  Flowers  amentaceous,  ternate 
between  decussate  bracts.  Petals  0.  Ovary 
1-celled  ;  styles  two,  persistent.  Ovules  two. 
Fruit  a  berry. —  £  . 

1.  G.  ELLIPTICA  Dougl.     Leaves  sessile,  un- 
dulate;  fruit  purple. — Shady  ravines   around 
the  bay.     Spring. 

2.  G.  FREMONTII  Torr.      Leaves  petiolate, 
not  undulate;  fruit  purple. — Wright's  Station. 
Santa   Cruz   moan  tains.      Spring.      "  Quinine 


(186) 

tree"  of  the  settlers.  All  parts  intensely  bit- 
ter; even  the  berries,  which  in  G.  elliptica  are 
sweet  and  edible,  although  the  bark  and  leaves 
partake  of  the  bitterness  of  the  other  species. 

ORDER  2.  COENICULAT^E.  Calyx  gamo- 
sepalous;  stamens  equaling  or  double  the  num- 
ber of  the  petals:  always  correspondent.  Ovar- 
ies compound  of  several  carpidia,  each  carpid- 
ion  oo-ovulate. 

Family  1.    SAXIFRAGACE^E. 

Number  of  carpidia  less  than  that  of  the 
petals.  Fruit  a  capsule. 

1,    Saxifraga  L.        SAXIFRAGE. 

Stamens  10.  Pistils  two.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. — 24!. 

1.  S.  VIRGINIANA  Michx.  Petals  white.— 
Lagunitas  Creek.  Sunnyside.  Spring. 

2,    Boykinia  Nutt. 

Stamens  five.  Pistils  two.  Ovary  2-celled. 
Fruit  a  2-celled  capsule. — 2£. 

1.  B.  OCCIDENTALIS  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals 
white. — Lagunitas  Creek.  Summer. 

3,    Tellima  R-  Brown. 

Stamens  10.  Pistils  2-3.  Petals  lobed. 
Ovary  1-celled;  styles  short;  stigmas  capitate. 
Capsule  valvularly  dehiscent  near  the  apex. 


(187) 

1.  T.  GRANDIFLORA  R.  Br.    Petals  laciniate- 
ly  pinnatifid,  purple. — Saucelito.     Tamalpais. 
San  Miguel.     Spring. 

2.  T.  BOLANDERI  Gray.     Petals   almost  en- 
tire; styles  smooth;  calyx  almost  liypogynous; 
petals  white.     Tamalpais.     Spring. 

3.  T.  HETEROPHYLLA  Hook.  &  Am.     Petals 
obtusely  3-lobed;  styles  smooth;   calyx  almost 
hypogynous;  petals  white. — Common.    Spring. 

4.  T.  AFFINIS  Bolander.     Petals   3-dentate; 
styles     granulose;    calyx    perigynous;    petals 
white. — San  Eafael.     Spring. 

6,    Tiarella  L. 

Stamens  10.  Pistils  2.  Petals  entire.  Ovary 
1-celled;  styles  long;  stigmas  simple.  Capsule 
valvularly  dehiscent  to  the  base.  Yalves  un- 
equal. Placentae  parietal.  Flowers  white.  24! . 

1.  T.  UNIFOLIATA  Hook. —  Marin  County. 
Spring. 

5.    Heuchera  L.       ALUM-KOOT. 

Stamens  5.  Pistils  2.  Petals  entire.  Ovary 
1-celled;  styles  long.  Capsule  valvularly  de- 
hiscent. Valves  equal.  —  If. 

1.  H.  MICRANTHA  Dougl.  Calyx  pointed  at 
the  base,  shorter  than  its  pedicel. — Camp  Tay- 
lor. Summer. 


(188) 

2.  H.  PILOSISSIMA  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Calyx 
rounded  at  the  base;  about  the  length  of  its 
pedicel. — Camp  Taylor.  Tamalpais.  Crystal 
Springs.  Summer. 

Family  2,    RIBESIACEJE. 

Stamens  5.  Pistils  2.  Fruit  a  berry.  Leaves 
alternate. 

1.    Ribes  L. 

GOOSEBERRY.     CURRANT. 

Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  with  2  parietal,  oo- 
ovulate  placentae. —  ^  . 

1.  K.  MENZIESII  Pursh.     Thorny;  vernation 
plicate;  anthers  sagittate;  calyx  tube  campanu- 
late,  purple;  petals  white;  berry  prickly,  yel- 
lowish.— Common.      Spring.      Fruit    scarcely 
edible.  "Prickly  Gooseberry." 

2.  E.  DIVARICATUM  Dougl.     Thorny;  verna- 
tion plicate;  anthers  not  sagittate;  calyx    tube 
campanulate,  dull  colored;  petals  white;  berry 
not  prickly,  dark  purple. — Common.    Spring. 
Fruit  edible. 

3.  E.  SANGUINEUM  Pursh.     Not  thorny;  ver- 
nation plicate;  calyx  tube  cylindrical,  rose-red; 
berry    glandular,    dark. — Common.      Spring. 
"Wild  Currant."    Fruit  scarcely  edible. 

4.  E.  AUREUM  Pursh.     Not  thorny;    verna- 
tion convolute;  flowers  yellow. — Eare.     Straw- 
'berry  Valley.  Wild-Cat  Creek.  Spring.  "Gol- 
den Currant." 


(189) 

Family  3,    PHILADELPHE.ZE, 

Ovary  inferior  or  half  inferior.  Number  of 
carpidia  disposed  to  correspond  with  calyx 
lobes.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Leaves  opposite. 

1.    Whipplea  Torr. 

Stamens  5.  Pistils  3-5.  Ovary  3-5-celled. 
Cells  1-ovulate.  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule. 
Flowers  white. —  ^  . 

1.  W.  MODESTA  Torr. — Eedwoods.  Sum- 
mer. 

Family  4.    CRASSULACEJE, 

Calyx,  corolla  and  stamens  alternating.  If 
the  stamens  form  two  circles  the  inner  circle  is 
opposite  to  the  petals.  Ovaries  opposite  the 
petals.  Fruit  follicles  with  central  dehiscence. 

1.    Cotyledon  L, 

(Echeveria  DC.) 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  coherent  by  their 
claws.  Stamens  10. —  It.  Fleshy  herb. 

1.  C.  C^SPITOSA  Ha  worth.  Flowers  yellow. 
Rocky  places.  Summer. 

2,    Sedum  L.       STONE  CROP. 

Petals  5,  entirely  free.  Stamens  10. — 2f. 
Fleshy  herbs. 

1.  S.  SPATHULIFOLIUM  Hook.  Leaves  glau- 
cous, obtuse,  narrowed  toward  the  base;  flow- 
ers yellow.  Bocks  near  the  Presidio.  Summer. 


(190) 

2.  S.  STENOPETALUM  Pursh.  Leaves  acute, 
lanceolate;  flowers  yellow.  —  Camp  Taylor. 

Summer. 

3,  Tillaea  L. 

Stamens  as  many  as  petals. — 0.  Minute 
vernal  aquatics. 

1.  T.    MINIMA  Miers.      Flowers    clustered, 
white. — San  Miguel. 

2.  T.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Nutt.    Flowers  solitary, 
white. — Mission  Dolores. 

Section  2.  CENTROSPERMZE.  Central  placen- 
tation  from  the  base  of  the  ovary. 

ORDER  1.  FICOIDALES.  Anomalous, 
transitional  types. 

Family  1,    FICOIDEJE, 

Calyx  superior.  Petals  oo.  Stamens  oo- 
seriate,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  4-20- 
celled,  oo-ovulate.  Fruit  a  capsule,  oo-seeded. 
Stipules  0. 

1.    Mesembrianthemum  L.       Fia-MAEYGOLD. 

Characters  of  the  family. 

1.  M.  ^QUILATERALE  Haworth.  Flowers 
red. — It.  Rocks  near  the  seashore.  Summer. 
Fruit  edible. 

ORDER  2.  CARYOPHYLLALES.  Flowers 
regular.  Calyx  inferior.  Sepals  as  many  as 


(191) 

petals.     Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many. 
Ovary  1-celled,  placenta  central. 

Family  1,    SILENE.E. 

Calyx  gamosepalous.  Petals  and  stamens 
inserted  into  a  carpophore.  Stamens  if  equal 
to  the  petals  alternating  with  them.  Ovary  oo- 
ovulate.  Styles  several.  Fruit  a  capsule. 
Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  0. 

1.    Silene  L. 

CAMPION.     CATCHFLy. 

Calyx  5-dentate  without  scales  at  the  base. 
Petals  unguiculate.  Stamens  10.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  dehiscent  by  teeth;  seeds  reniform. 

1.  S.  GALLICA  L.     Villous;  leaves  spathu- 
late;   flowers    nearly   sessile,  racemose;  petals 
pale,  entire,  scarcely  exceeding  the  calyx. — 0. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  S.  ANTIERHINA  L,    Glabrous;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate; flowers  in  a  leafless,  dichotomous  pan- 
icle on  long  pediclels;  petals  obovate,  equaling 
the  calyx. — 0.     Livermore.     Summer. 

3.  S.  CALIFORNICA  Durand.    Flowers  few  on 
the   ends  of  branches;    petals   deeply   parted, 
with    bifid   segments;    scarlet. — 0.     Oakland 
waterworks.     Summer. 

4.  S.  LACINIATA   Cav.     Flowers   paniculate; 
petals  deeply  4-cleft,  with  linear,  acute  lobes; 
bright     scarlet. — 1C.       Contra    Costa    range. 
Summer. 


( 192  ) 

5.  S.  VEBECUNDA  Watson.  Petals  bifid,  rose- 
colored. —  2£.  Cemetery  of  San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

Family  2,    ALSINE^l. 

Sepals  distinct  to  the  base.  Carpophore  0. 
Stamens,  if  equaling  the  petals,  alternating 
with  them.  Ovary  co-ovulate;  styles  several. 
Fruit  a  capsule.  Leaves  opposite;  stipules  0. 

1.    Cerastium  L. 

MOTJSE-EAE  CHICKWEED. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  emarginate.  Stamens 
10.  Stigmas  5.  Capsule  cylindrical,  dehis- 
cent by  10  teeth.  Flowers  white. 

1.  C.  AEVENSE  L.     Petals  about  twice  the 
length  of  the  sepals. — 2£.     Common.     All  the 
year  round. 

This  weed  has,  in  Europe,  the  reputation  of 
being  poisonous  to  sheep. 

2.  C.  PILOSUM  Ledebour.     Petals  but  little 
exceeding  the  sepals. — U  •  Punta  de  los  Eeyes. 
Summer. 

2.    Stellaria    L-        CHICKWEED. 

Petals  2-lobed.  Stamens  10.  Stigmas  3-5. 
Capsule  globose,  dehiscent  by  6-10  valves. 
Flowers  white. 

1.  S.  MEDIA  L.  Flowers  on  slender  pedi- 
cels.— 0.  Common.  All  the  year  round. 

Ballast  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 


(193) 

2.  S.  NITENS  Nutt.  Flowers  on  short  pedi- 
cels.—  0.  Tamalpais.  Spring. 

3,    Arenaria    L.       SANDWORT. 
Sepals  unchanged   in   fruit.     Petals  entire. 
Stamens  5  or  10.     Stigmas  3.     Capsule  ovoid, 
dehiscent  by  3  valves,  these  valves  sometimes 
2-parted.     Flowers  white. 

1.  A.  DOUGLASH  Torr.  &  Gray.      Valves  of 
the     capsule    entire;   leaves    filiform;     sepals 
acute,  3-nerved. — 0.    Tamalpais.    Summer. 

2.  A.  CALIFORNICA  Brewer.     Valves  of  the 
capsule  entire;  leaves  lanceolate;  sepals  acute, 
3-nerved. — 0.     Oakland  Hills.     Spring. 

3.  A.  PALUSTRIS    Watson.     Valves    of    the 
capsule  entire;  leaves  linear;   sepals   obtuse, 
without  nerves.     Formerly    in   a   marsh   near 
San  Francisco,  where  at  present  it  is  extinct. 
Has  not  been  found  in  any  other  locality. 

4.  A.  MACROPHYLLA   Hook.     Valves  of    the 
capsule    2-cleft;   sepals   acuminate,    1-nerved. 
2£. — Saucelito.     Summer. 

4.    Sagina  L-       PEARLWORT. 

Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5.  Stamens  twice 
4  or  twice  5.  Stigmas  4  or  5,  alternate  with 
the  sepals.  Capsule  dehiscent  in  4  or  5  valves, 
opposite  to  the  sepals. — 0 . 

1.     S.  OCCIDENTALS  Watson.     Petals   white. 
San  Francisco.     Spring. 
9 


(194) 

Family  3.    PARONYCHIE.2E. 

Like  Alsinea3,  but  the  parts  frequently  de- 
fective or  reduced  in  numbers.  Leaves  with 
scarious  stipules. 

1.    Spergula  L-        CORN-SPURREY. 
Stamens  5  or  10.     Ovary  oo-ovulate;   styles 
5,  alternate  with  the  sepals.     Capsule  5-valved. 
Valves  opposite  to  the  sepals. — 0. 

1.  L.  ARVENSIS  L.  Flowers  white.  —  San 
Francisco.  Summer.  Ballast  weed,  introduced 
from  Europe. 

1.    Spergularia  Pers.     (Lepigonum  Fries). 
SAND-SPURREY. 

Ovary  co-ovulate;  style  3-5-cleft.  Capsule 
3-5-valved. 

1.  S.  MACROTHECA  Fisch.  &  Meyer.     Leaves 
with   large   ovate  stipules;  flowers   rose-col- 
ored.— 1£.      Margins  of  salt  marshes.     Sum- 
mer. 

2.  S.  MEDIA   Fries.     Leaves  with  short  sti- 
pules;   flowers   white. — 0.      Contra  Costa. 
Spring. 

3,    Pentacsena  Bartl. 

Divisions  of  the  calyx  unequal,  persistent  in 
fruit;  the  three  external  with  cucullate  apex, 
ending  in  a  spine;  two  internal  mucronate. 
Petals  5,  minute.  Stamens  3-5.  Ovary  1- 
ovulate;  style  2-cleft.  Fruit  a  utricle. — 0. 


( 195  ) 

1.  P.  RAMOSISSIMA  Hook.  &  Arn.  Prostrate; 
pungent;  everlasting. — 2£. Presidio.  Cemetery. 
Spring. 

Family  4,    PORTULACACE^l, 

Flowers  regular,  but  parts  not  correspond- 
ing in  numbers. 

1.    Portulaca  Tourn.       PURSLANE. 

Calyx  tube  connate  with  ovary.  Limb  2- 
parted,  free  and  circumscissile.  Petals  4-6. 
Stamens  8  to  GO.  Capsule  circumscissile. 

1.  P.  OLEBACEA  L.  Fleshy  herb;  petals  yel- 
low.— 0.  San  Francisco.  Spring.  Summer. 
Escaped  from  cultivation. 

2,    Calandrinia  HBK. 

Sepals  2,  persistent.  Petals  5  to  GO,  equal. 
Stamens  opposite  to  the  petals,  variable  in 
number.  Ovary  oo-ovulate;  style  3-cleft.  Cap- 
sule 3-valved,  co-seeded. 

1.  C.  MENZIESII  Hook.  Petals  red. — 0. 
Common.  Spring. 

3.    Claytonia  L        MINER'S  LETTUCE. 

Sepals  2,  persistent.  Petals  5,  equal.  Sta- 
mens 5,  opposite  to  the  petals.  Ovary  3  or  6- 
ovulate;  style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3-valved,  3- 
seeded. 

1.  C.  SIBIRICA  L.  Inflorescence  in  loose, 
simple  racemes.  Herbaceous  bracts  with  most 


(190) 

of  the  pedicels;  single  pair  of  cauline  leaves 
distinct;  leaves  thin;  petals  rose-color.  —  2[. 
Saucelito.  Spring. 

2.  C.   PERFOLIATA  Don.     Inflorescence  fas- 
ciculate; bracts  few  and  minute;  leaves  thick, 
succulent;  single  pair  of  cauline  leaves  entirely 
connate;  petals  white. — 0.    Common.   Spring. 
The  whole  plant  edible  as  a  salad. 

3.  C.  PARVIFLORA  Dougl.     Inflorescence  be. 
coming  at  last  racemose;'  bracts  few  and  minute ; 
leaves  thick,  succulent;  single  pair  of  cauline 
leaves  imperfectly  connate,  sometimes  on  one 
side  entirely  distinct;  petals  pale  rose-color.— 
0 .     Berkeley.     Spring. 

4.  C.  SPATHULATA  Dough     Inflorescence  in 
a  loose  raceme;  bracts  few  and  minute;  leaves 
thick,  succulent;  single  pair  of  cauline  leaves 
lanceolate  but  little  connate,  frequently  entirely 
distinct;  petals  bright  rose-color. — 0.     Tibu- 
rori.     Tamalpais.     Spring. 

5.  C.  CHAMISSONIS  Eschsch.     Several  pairs 
of  cauline  leaves;  petals  white. — 0.     Tiburon. 
Spring. 

6.  C.    LINEARIS   Dougl.     Leaves    alternate. 
Petals  white. — 0.     Guerneville.    Spring. 

4,    Montia  L. 

Sepals  2,  persistent.  External  petals  3;  in- 
ternal petals  2,  connate.  Stamens  3  or  5. 
Ovary  3-ovulate  ;  style  3-cleft.  Capsule  3- 
valved,  3-seeded.  Flowers  white. — 0. 


(197) 

1.  M.  FONTANAL.  Flowers  inconspicuous. — 
Sunnyside.  Spring. 

ORDER  3.  CHENOPODIALES.  Corolla  0, 
Perigonium  inferior.  Stamens  opposite  to  the 
sepals.  Ovary  1-celled,  centrospermous. 
Stipules  0. 

Family  1.    AMARANTACE^E. 

Perigonium  without  tube,  3-bracteate;  an- 
terior bract  longer  than  the  two  lateral  ones. 
Style  simple. 

1,    Amarantus  L. 

Polygamous,  monoecious.  Stamens  distinct. 
Style  short;  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  a  circurn- 
scissile  utricle. — 0. 

1.  A.  RETRO  PLEXUS  L.  Flowers  green. — Cul- 
tivated grounds.  Summer. 

Family  2,    CHENOPODIACE^. 

Perigonium  without  tube,  not  more  than  1- 
bracteate. 

1,    Ghenopodium  L-       PIG  WKED. 

Bracts  0.  Perigonium  5-cleft.  Lobes  dor- 
sally  carinate.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  1-celled,  1- 
ovulate;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  depressed  utri- 
cle enclosed  in  the  persistent  perigonium. 

1.  C.  ALBUM  L.  Leaves  smooth,  pruinose, 
rhombic,  sinuate;  the  uppermost  lanceolate, 


(198) 

entire;  flowers  densely  clustered  in  dense 
spikes,  forming  a  strict,  close  panicle. — 0. 
Cultivated  grounds.  Summer. 

Ballast  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  C.  MUEALE  L.     Leaves  shining,  rhombic, 
dentate;  flowers  clustered  in  loose  spicate  pan- 
icles.— 0 .     Cultivated  grounds.     Summer. 

Ballast  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

3.  C.  AMBROSIOIDES  L.     Leaves   lanceolate, 
dentate;  flowers  clustered  in  slender   axillary 
spikes. — 0.     Cultivated     grounds.     Summer. 

Introduced  from  South  America.  Possesses 
anthelminthic  properties. 

4.  C.  CALIFORNICUM  Watson.    Leaves  trian- 
gular,   hastate;   flowers   densely    clustered   in 
simple    terminal    spikes. — It-       Cultivated 
grounds.     Summer. 

2,    Atriplex  L.       ORACHB. 

Flowers  polygamous.  $  and  $  perigo- 
niurn  3  or  5-parted.  ?  perigonium  2-parted. 
Stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  compressed  utricle. 

1.  A.  PATULUM  L.     Leaves  3-angular,  has- 
tate; lower  leaves  opposite; bracts  large,  rhom- 
bic to  hastate. — 0.  Cultivated  grounds.    Sum- 
mer.    Ballastweed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  A.  CORONATUM  Watson.     All  leaves  alter- 
nate; bracts  orbicular,  surrounded  by  a  herba- 
ceous,  dentate    margin. — 0.     Contra   Costa. 
Summer. 


(199) 

3.  A.  LEUCOPHYLLUM  Dietr.  All  leaves  alter- 
nate; fruiting  bracts  spongy,  rhombic  to  ovate. 
0. — On  the  seashore.     Summer. 

4.  A.  CALIFORNICUM  Mag.  Lower  leaves  op- 
posite, sessile;  stem  and  leaves  furfuraceous; 
fruiting  bracts  meinbranaceous ;  rhombic. — It. 
On  the  seashore.     Summer. 

3,    Salicornia  Toum.       SAMPHIRE. 

Flowers  in  threes,  immersed  in  a  rachis, 
decussately  arranged  and  forming  a  spike. 
Perigonium  gamophyllous,  saccate.  Stamens 
1  or  2.  Fleshy,  articulate,  aphyllous,  saline 
plants. 

1.  S.  AMBIGUA  Michx. — 2£.  Salt  marshes. 
Summer. 

4,    Suaeda    Forsk.        SEA  ELITE. 

Flowers  axillary,  with  minute,  scale-like 
bracts.  Perigonium  urceolate,  5-cleft.  Stamens 
5.  Fruit  a  utricle,  enclosed  in  the  inflexed  peri- 
gonium.  Leaves  terete,  fleshy. 

1.  S.  CALIFORNICA  Watson — 1C.  Salt  marshes 
on  an  island  near  Alameda.  Summer. 

Family  3,    NYCTAGINE^l, 

Flowers  involucrate.  Perigonium  gamo- 
phyllous, corolla-like,  its  persistent  tube  en- 
closing the  akene. 


(200) 


1,    Abronia 

Involucre  5-leaved,  oo-flowered,  persistent. 
Perigonium  salver-shaped.  Stamens  5,  in- 
cluded. Stigma  clavate.  Leaves  opposite. 

1.  A.   UMBELLATA  Lam.     Leaves   attenuate 
into   a   slender  petiole;   perigonium  rose-col- 
ored. —  2f.     Seashore.    Summer. 

2.  A.  LATIFOLIA    Esch.     Petioles    distinct, 
but  short;  perigonium  yellow.  —  1£.     Seashore. 
Summer. 

Section  3.  EUCYCLIC.E.  Floral  parts  distinct 
in  well  defined  circles. 

ORDER  1.  TBICOCC^E.  Flowers  diclinous. 
Ovary  superior.  Ovules  1-2  collateral,  pendu- 
lous from  the  summit  of  cells,  which  separate 
at  last  from  a  central  axis. 

Family  1,    EUPHORBIACE.3E, 

Cells  1-ovulate. 

1.    Eremocarpus  Benth. 

Monoecious.  Flowers  cymose.  $  :  perigo- 
nium 5  -parted;  stamens  6  or  7,  central,  inflexed 
in  aestivation.  ?  :  perigonium  0;  ovary  with 
5  glands  at  the  base,  1-celled,  1-ovulate;  style 
simple;  capsule  2-valved.  —  0. 

1.  E.  SETIGER  Benth.  —  0.  Mariu  County. 
Niles.  Summer. 


(201) 

The  herb  has  the  smell  of  strawberries,  but 
is  poisonous.  The  crushed  leaves  are  used  by 
the  Indians  to  catch  fish  by  stupefying  them. 

2.    Hendecandra  Each. 
(Croton  L.) 

Dioecious.  5  :  flowers  in  racemes;  peri- 
goniuin  5-cleft,  with  5  glands  opposite  to  the 
lobes;  stamens  more  than  5.  ?  flowers:  per- 
igonium,  5-cleft;  glands  0;  ovary  3 -celled; 
styles  3,  each  4-parted;  capsule  3-coccous, 
each  coccus  2-valved. 

1.  H.  PEOCUMBENS  Esch.  (Croton  Calif orni- 
cus  Mull.  Arg.) — 1£.  Common  in  sandy  soil. 
Summer.  Drastic  poison. 

3.    Euphorbia  L-       SPURGE. 

Monoecious.  Androgynous.  Flowers  um- 
bellate. Involucre  campanulate.  6  :  flowers, 
perigonium  0;  inonandrous,  stipitate;  brac- 
teate.  $  :  flower  solitary  in  the  center  of  the 
umbel;  perigonium  dentate  or  0;  ovary  3- 
celled;  styles  3,  each  2-cleft. 

1.  E.  OCELLATA  Dur.    &  Hilg.     Glands  of 
tke  involucre  petaloid;  leaves  all  opposite,  en- 
tire.— 0.     Sonoma.    Millbrae.     Summer. 

2.  E.  SERPYLLIFOLIA   Pers.     Glands   of   the 
involucre  with  a  narrow,  white  margin;  leaves 
all   opposite;  base   oblique;   apex  denticulate. 
0. — Marin  County.     Summer. 

9A 


(202) 

3.  E.  LEPTOCEEA  Engelm.    Glands  of  the  in- 
volucre crescent-shaped,  without  colored  mar- 
gin;  cauline  leaves   scattered,    those    of    the 
branchlets  opposite .  —  0 .    Common.  Summer. 

4.  E.  LATHYEIS  L.     Glands  of  the  involucre 
crescent-shaped,     without    colored      margin; 
leaves   all  opposite. — 00.     Common.     Sum- 
mer. 

Poisonous  plant  introduced  from  Europe 
and  found  everywhere.  The  seeds  contain  an 
oil  analogous  to  that  of  croton.  This  plant 
is  said  to  drive  away  or  kill  rats,  as  also  the 
castor-oil  plant.  Ricinus  communis. 

ORDER  2.  MAL VALES.  Flowers  regular. 
Calyx  free,  5 -parted,  valvate  in  aestivation. 
Corolla  5-parted,  contorted  in  aestivation.  Sta- 
mens often  monadelphous.  Carpidia  several, 
free,  or  connate  with  the  central  axis  into  an 
oo  -celled  ovary.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 

Family  1,    MALVACEAE, 

Claws  of  petals  united  with  each  other,  and 
with  the  column  of  oo,  monadelphous  stamens. 
Anthers  reniform,  1-celled. 

1.     Lavatera  L-        TREE  MALLOW. 

Involucre  3-6-cleft.  Ovaries  oo,  verticil- 
late;  1-ovulate.  Style  1,  springing  from  the 
central  axis;  stigmas  GO.  filiform.  Fruit  a 
schizocarp;  seeds  ascending. 


(203) 

1.  L.  ASSURGENTIFLORA  Kellogg.  Petals 
rose-colored.  —  £ .  Near  cultivated  places. 
Summer. 

Native  of  the  island  of  Anacapa,  but  having 
escaped  cultivation,  now  spontaneous  in  differ- 
ent localities. 

2.    Malva  L.       MALLOW. 

Involucre  3-leaved.  Ovary  oo-celled;  cells 
1-ovulate.  Styles  as  many  as  cells,  united  at 
base;  stigmas  obtuse.  Fruit  a  depressed  cap- 
sule; seed  ascending. 

1.  M.  BOREALIS  Wallman.  Flowers  pale.— 
0.  Cultivated  grounds.  Summer.  Ballast 
weed  from  Europe. 

3.   Sidalcea  Gray. 

Involucre  0.  Ovary  oo-celled;  cells  1-ovu- 
late. Styles  as  many  as  cells,  united  at  base. 
Fruit  5-10-coccous  schizocarp;  seed  ascend- 
ing. 

1.  S.  HUMILIS   Gray  (malvceflora?  Gray). 
Eaceme  long  and  loose;  petals  rose  or  purple. 
7£ .     Common.     Summer. 

2.  S.  DIPLOSCYPHA   Gray.     Flowers  in  um- 
bellate clusters;  pedicels   subtended   by  per- 
sistent, hispid  bractlets;  petals  rose  or  purple. 
0 .     Sufiol.     Summer. 

3.  S.  MALACHROIDES  Gray.     Flowers  in  close, 
racemose,  nearly  spicate  clusters;  petals  small, 
white. — 0.     Marin  County.     Summer. 


(204) 

4,     Malvastrum  Gray  (Sphcerakea  St.  Hilaire). 

Ovary  oo-celled;  cells  2-ovulate.  Styles  as 
many  as  cells,  united  at  base;  stigmas  capi- 
tate. Fruit  'a  loculicidal  capsule,  at  length 
also  septicidal. 

1.  M.  THUEBEEI  Gray,  Petals  pale. —  £. 
San  Mateo.  Niles.  Summer. 

5,   Sida  Kunth. 

Ovary  oo-celled;  cells  1-ovulate.  Styles  as 
many  as  cells,  united  at  base;  stigmas  capi- 
tate. Fruit  a  oo-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  pen- 
dulous from  the  apex. — It. 

1.  S.  HEDERACEA  Torr.  Flowers  pale. 
Common.  Summer. 

Order  3.  GERANIALES.  Calyx  free,  im- 
bricated in  aestivation.  Petals  5,  contorted  or 
convolute  in  aestivation  ;  stamens  hypogynous; 
definite.  Ovary  the  compound  of  a  definite 
number  of  carpidia. 

Family  1,    GERANIACE-ffi. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  5;  hypogynous;  alternate 
with  the  sepals  ;  stamens  10.  Carpidia  5, 
verticillate  round  a  columnar  axis  (gynophore). 
Styles  distinct  at  base;  connate  towards  their 
apex.  Carpidia  5,  2-ovulate,  1-seeded.  vent- 
rally  dehiscent.  Leaves  stipulate. 


(205) 

1.    Geranium  L. 

Stamens  monadelphous,  all  fertile.  Styles 
persistent. 

1.  G.  CAROLINIANUM  L.  Corolla  rose-color. 
—0 .  Common.  Summer. 

2,    Erodium  L'Her. 
STORKSBILL.    PIN-CLOVEB* 

Stamens  monadelphous,  alternately  sterile  or 
depauperate.  Styles  persistent. 

1.  E.    CICUTARIUM  L'Her.     Leaves  pinnate; 
leaflets  pinnatifid,   with   narrow   acute   lobes; 
flowers  rose-colored. — 0.    Common.   Summer. 
Fodder  plant,  called  Alfilerilla  (alfiler,  in  Span- 
ish, needle)  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.     If  the 
plant  is  not  indigenous,  it  must  have  been  in- 
troduced  for   a   considerable   time,  or  else  it 
would  not    have    a  distinct    name    from    the 
old  settlers. 

2.  E.  MOSCHATUM  L'Her.     Leaves   pinnate; 
leaflets  ovate,  doubly  serrate;  stipules  conspicu- 
ous;   flowers  rose-color. — 0 .     Cultivated 
grounds.     Summer.     Ballast  weed,  introduced 
from  Europe. 

3.  E.    BOTEYS   Bertol.      Leaves   pinnatifid, 
lobes  dentate,  stipules  small ;  petals  pale. — 0. 
Cultivated  grounds.     Summer. 

4.  E.  MACBOPHYLLUM  Hook.  &  Arn.     Leaves 
reniform,  lobed. — 0.     Niles.     Summer. 


(206) 

Family  2,    OX  ALICE  .ZE. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  hypogynous.  Ovary  5 
carpidia,  opposite  the  petals,  attached  to  the 
axis  by  their  central  angle,  2-to-oo-ovuled  ; 
ovules  vertically  arranged,  styles  5,  persistent. 
Leaves  alternate. 

1.      OxallS   L  WOOD-SORREL. 

Petals  5.  Stamens  10,  monadelphous,  the 
5  opposite  the  petals  shorter.  Capsule  oblong. 

1.  O.  OREGANA  Nutt.  Peduncles  1 -flowered; 
petals  white  or  rose-color.  —  2£ .  Crystal  Springs . 
Camp  Taylor.     Spring. 

2.  O.  CORNICULATA  L.  Peduncles  two  to  sev- 
eral-flowered;  petals  yellow. —  2£.      Common. 
Spring. 

Family  3,    LINEJE. 

Calyx  persistent.  Petals  hypogynous,  un- 
guiculate.  Perfect  stamens  5,  sometimes  4. 
Ovary  5,  sometimes  4,  3  or  2-celled;  cells  2- 
ovulate.  Ovules  collateral,  more  or  less  sep- 
arated by  a  spurious  septum.  Styles  equalling 
the  cells  in  number.  Capsule  globose. 

1.    Linum.        FLAX. 
Sepals  5.     Petals  5. 

1.  L.  PERENNE  L.  Pentagynous;  petals 
blue. — 1C-  Colma.  Millbrae.  Summer, 


(207) 

2.  L.  BREWERI  Gray.    Trigynous;  pedicels 
short;  stipular  glands  conspicuous;  flowers  al- 
most solitary;  petals  yellow. — 0.    Contra  Cos- 
ta hills.     Summer. 

3.  L.  CONGESTUM  Gray.     Trigynous  ;  pedi- 
cels short;  stipular  glands  very  small;  sepals 
pubescent;  flowers  in  terminal  fascicles;  petals 
dark-red. — 0.     Tamalpais.      Summer.     Kare. 

4.  L.  CALIFORNICUM  B  e  n  t  h  .     Trigynous; 
pedicels   short;   stipular  glands   conspicuous; 
upper  flowers  cymose,  lower   flowers  solitary; 
petals  rose-colored. — 0.     San  Francisco  cem- 
etery.    San  Rafael.     Summer. 

5.  L.  SPEBGULINUM  Gray.     Trigynous;  ped- 
icels  conspicuous;  stipular   glands  0;   flowers 
rose-colored  or  wh  ite.—  ©.     Marin  County. 
Summer. 

Family  4,    LIMNANTHEJE. 

Calyx  persistent,  valvate  in  aestivation.  Pe- 
tals alternating  with  calyx  lobes,  inserted  in- 
to a  perigynous  disc.  Stamens  twice  as  many 
as  petals.  Carpidia  verticillate,  free,  1-ovulate; 
style  central  on  the  apex,  5,  sometimes  3-cleft. 
Fruit  5,  sometimes  3  akenes.  Stipules  0. 

1,    Limnanthes  R.  Br. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  cuneiform.  Ovaries 
5.  Fruit  5,  rugose  akenes. — ©. 


(208) 

1.  L.  DOUGLASII  R.  Br.  Sepals  glabrous;  pe- 
tals white  or  rose-colored,  claws  always  yellow. 
•Suimyside.     Summer. 

2.  L.  ALBA  Hartweg.     Sepals  villous;   pe- 
tals white,  claws  yellow. — Millbrae.  Summer. 

Order  4.  TEKEBINTHALES.  Flowers 
regular.  Calyx  free.  Petals  5,  imbricate  or 
valvate  in  aestivation,  not  contorted,  nor  truly 
convolute,  inserted  into  a  disc.  Stamens  5,  or 
a  multiple.  Ovary  1-5  carpidia,  syncarpous 
or  apocarpous;  carpidia  1-2-ovulate. 

Family!,    RUTACEJE. 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  external  margin  of 
the  disc.  Carpidia  more  than  1-ovulate.  Sti- 
pules 0. 

1.    Ptelea  L-        HOP-TREE. 

Polygamous.  C  aly  x  4-5-parted.  Petals 
4  or  5.  Stamens  4  or  5,  alternate  with  the 
petals.  Ovary  on  a  convex  disc,  2-celled;  cells 
2-ovulate;  style  1.  Fruit  a  2-seeded  samara. 
Flowers  white  or  greenish. —  ^  . 

1.     P.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Benth. — Niles.     Spring. 

Family  2      TEREBINTH ACEJ2.     (Anacardiacece). 

Stamens  inserted  on  the  inner  margin  of  the 
disc.  Ovary  1,  or  if  more,  only  one  fertile;  1- 
ovulate.  Fruit  indehiscent. 


(209) 

1,    Rhus  L. 
POISON -OAK.    YEDKA. 

Polygamous.  Calyx  5-parted,  persistent. 
Stamens  5.  Ovary  one,  1-celled,  1-ovulate;  styles 
3.  Fruit  a  dry  drupe. 

1.  K.  DIVERSILOBA  Torr.   &  Gray.     Flowers 
paniculate;   petals  greenish.     Fruit  pale. — T?  . 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  P.  AKOMATICA  Ait.     Flowers  spicate;  pe- 
tals yellow;  fruit  red. —  ^.  Livermore.  Spring. 

Juice  and  exhalation  of  this  shrub  unlike 
those  of  E.  diversiloba  do  not  produce  eczema^ 
but  are  entirely  harmless. 

Family  3.    JUGLANDE^, 

(Connecting  link  between  Terebinthaks  and  Cupuliferce.) 

Flowers  diclinous.  <3  :  amentaceous ;  peri- 
gonium  adnate  to  the  bract,  and  imbricate  in 
aestivation;  petals  3,  or  its  multiple.  9  :  ag- 
gregate or  racemose;  perianth  connate  with  the 
imperfectly  2-4-celled,  1-ovulate  ovary;  fruit 
a  1-pyrenous  drupe;  pyrena  of  valvular  dehis- 
cence.  Leaves  imparipinnate,  stipules  0. 
Juglans  L.  WALNUT. 

$  :  stamens  more  than  six.     $  flowers :  few, 
terminal;  calyx  4-parted;  petals  4;  style  2. —  V  . 

1.  J.  CALIFORNICA  Watson.  —  Very  local. 
Walnut  Creek.  Spring. 


(210) 

ORDER  5.  SAPINDALES.  Parts  of  the  an- 
droeciuin  not  symmetrical.  Calyx  free,  imbri- 
cate in  aestivation.  Petals  inserted  into  a  hypo- 
gynous  disc.  Stamens  generally  more  than 
petals,  but  not  their  multiple.  Carpidia  3, 
sometimes  2,  more  or  less  connate  into  an 
ovary.  Ovules  of  definite  number. 

Family  1.    POLYGALACEJE, 

Flowers  irregular,  often  imitating  Papilona- 
cece.  Sepals  5,  the  two  lateral  petaloid  (wings). 
Petals  5,  sometimes  3,  connate  with  the  sta- 
mineal  tube.  Anterior  petal  concave  (carina). 
Stamens  8,  sometimes  4  or  less,  usually  mona- 
delphous.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  1.  Stipules  0. 

1.    Poly  gala  L- 

Calyx  persistent.  Stamens  8, ascending.  Fila- 
ments united  at  base  into  an  anteriorly  cleft 
tube.  Ovary  2-celled;  cells  1-ovulate.  Cap- 
sule loculicidal. 

1.  P.  CUCULLATA  Benth.  Flowers  rose- 
color. —  It-  Tamalpais.  Crystal  Springs.  Sum- 
mer. 

Family  2.    SAPINDACE^i, 

Sepals  5,  often  irregular  and  more  or  less 
connate.  Disc  fleshy.  Petals  alternate  with 
sepals,  and  appendiculate  at  their  claws — 
sometimes  one  or  all  of  them  wanting.  Sta- 


( 211 ) 

mens  1-seriate,  more  than  5.  Ovary  generally 
3-celled;  cells  1-2  ovulate. 

1,  JEsculus  L.        BUCKEYE. 
Polygamous.  Calyx  irregular,  gamosepalous. 

Petals  unguiculate,  5,  or  by  abortion  of  the 
anterior  one,  4.  Stamens  6-8,  filaments  as- 
cending. Cells  of  ovary  2-ovulate.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  generally  by  abortion  1-celled,  1-seed- 
ed.  Leaves  palmate,  deciduous. —  £. 

1.  JE.  CALIFORNICA  Nutt.  Petals  white, 
tinged  with  red  and  yellow. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

The  seeds  contain  an  active  principle  not  yet 
sufficiently  examined. 

2.  Acer  Mcench.        MAPLE. 

Polygamous.  Petals  as  many  as  sepals,  in- 
serted into  the  margin  of  the  lobate,  hypogy- 
nous  disc.  Stamens  8,  inserted  with  the  petals. 
Ovary  2-celled,  2-lobed;  cells  2-ovulate.  Fruit 
a  2-seeded  samara. —  ^  .  Leaves  opposite,  pal- 
mately  lobed,  deciduous. 

1.  A.  MACEOPHYLLUM  Pursh.  Flowers  yel- 
low.— San  Mateo.  Marin  County.  Spring. 

3.     Negundo  Mcenoh.        Box  ELDER. 

Polygamous.  Dioecious.  Petals  0.  $  : 
stamens  4,  sometimes  5,  opposite  to  the  calyx 
teeth.  ?  :  ovary  2-celled,  2-lobed;  cells  2-ovu- 


(212) 

late;   fruit  a  2-seeded  samara.     Leaves  oppo- 
site, imparip innate,  deciduous. —  "£  . 

1.  N.  CALIFORNICUM  Torr.  &  Gray. — San 
Mateo.  Marin  County.  Spring. 

ORDER  6.  CELASTEALES.  Parts  of  the 
flower  correspondent  in  number.  Disc  tumid, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  in- 
serted with  the  petals  on  the  margin  of  the 
disc.  Ovules  definite. 

Family  1,    RHAMNACEJE, 

Calyx  conspicuous,  gamosepalous,  valvat©  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals 
and  alternate  with  the  calyx  lobes.  Ovary  2- 
3-celled ;  cells  1-ovulate.  Styles  2-3,  more 
or  less  connate. 

1.    Rhamnus  Jusa. 

Calyx-tube  urceolate,  margin  4-5-cleft.  Pet- 
als minute,  with  short  claws,  or  0.  Ovary  free. 
Fruit  a  2-3-pyrenous  drupe.  Leaves  alternate, 
stipulate. —  ^ . 

1.  E.  CROCEA  Nutt.     Flowers  4-merous,  ape- 
talous;  fruit  red. — Lake  Chabot.     San  Eafael. 
Taylorville.     Spring. 

2.  E.  CALIFORNICA  Esch.   Flowers  5-merous; 
petals   small,    ovate,     emarginate  ;    ripe   fruit 
black.- — Common.     Summer. 

"Cascarasagrada"  of.  the  old  Californians.  An 
infusion  of  the  bark  of  this  species  and  of  B. 


(213) 

Purshiana  of  Northern  California  was  in  use 
among  them  as  a  purge.  There  also  was  a  be- 
lief that  the  infusion  of  the  bark,  if  the  branch 
was  scraped  towards  the  top,  would  act  as  an 
emetic. 

An  infuso-decoct.  of  the  leaves  is  one  of  the 
most  reliable  remedies  against  fresh  cases  of 
the  eczema  caused  by  poison  oak. 

2.    Ceanothus  L. 
CALIFORNIA  LILAC.    CHAPPARAL. 

Calyx-tube  hemispherical,  concave;  margin 
petaloid.  Petals  unguiculate  ;  margin  cucul- 
late.  Ovary  half  immersed  into  the  disc; 
style  3-cleft.  Fruit  a  3-seeded  capsule  with 
base  embraced  by  the  calyx  tube,  dehiscent  at 
the  inner  angle  of  the  cells.  Leaves  simple. —  ^  . 

1.  C.  THYRSLFLOKUS  Eschsch.     Leaves  all  al- 
ternate, 3 -nerved  from  their  base;    flowers  in 
dense,    compound   racemes,   blue,  fragrant. — 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  C.  DENTATUS  Torr.  &  Gray.      Leaves  all 
alternate,  frequently  faseicled,  3-nerved   from 
the  base;  flowers  in  small  fascicles  on  naked, 
terminal  peduncles,  blue. — Tamalpais.     Sum- 
mer. 

3.  C.  DTVABICATUS  Nutt.      Leaves  all  alter- 
nate, 3-nerved   from   their  base;     flowers    in 
racemes,  pale;  branches  spinose. — Niles.  Liv- 
ermore.     Summer. 


(214) 

4.  C.  PAPILLOSUS   Torr.  &  Gray.       Leaves 
all    alternate,     pinnately    veined,    glandular; 
flowers   blue. — Redwood   City.     Alma.     Sum- 
mer. 

5.  0.  CEASSIFOLIUS    Torr.       Leaves     often 
opposite,    with   numerous  straight  veins,   ob- 
long;   young  branches  tomentose;    flowers  in 
dense  fascicles,  pale. — Wright's  Station.   Sum- 
mer. 

6.  C.  CUNEATUS  Nutt.     Leaves  often  oppo- 
site, cuneate,  with  numerous   straight   veins; 
young    branches    almost   smooth;    flowers  in 
loose  fascicles,    pale. — Marin    County.     Sum- 
mer. 

Family  2,    CELASTRACE2E, 

Calyx  conspicuous,  gamosepalous.  Stamens 
alternate  with  the  petals  and  opposite  to  the 
calyx  lobes. 

1,     EuonymilS  Tourn.        SPINDLE-TBEE. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Ovary 
3-4-celled,  half  immersed  into  the  disc. 
Capsule  loculicidal. 

1.  E.  OCCIDENTALS  N  n  1 1 .  Flowers  dark 
brown. —  ^.  Crystal  Springs.  Taylorville. 
Summer. 

Family  3.    AMPELIDE^, 

Calyx  inconspicuous.  Stamens  inserted  with 
the  petals,  opposite  and  of  equal  number. 


(215) 

Ovary  3-celled;  cells  2-ovulate;    ovules  collat- 
eral.    Fruit  a  berry.     Lower  leaves  opposite; 
upper  by  the  transformation  of  one  of  the  pair 
into  a  tendril,  apparently  alternate. 
1.    Vitis  Tourn.        GRAPE. 

Petals  coherent  at  their  apex,  caducous. 

1.     V.  CALTFOBNICA  Benth. —  ^.    . 

ORDER  7.  GUTTIFERALES.  Flowers 
regular.  Calyx  free,  sepals  4  or  5,  imbricate 
or  2-seriate,  never  regularly  valvate  in  aestiva- 
tion. Petals  convolute  in  aestivation,  some- 
times 0.  Stamens  oo,  more  or  less  connate  at 
base,  sometimes  reduced  in  number.  Carpidia 
several,  connate  into  an  ovary. 

Family  1,    HYPEBICINE^. 

Sepals  2-seriate.  Petals  as  many  as  sepals 
and  alternate.  Carpidia  3  or  5.  Ovules  GO,  2- 
seriate  in  each.  Styles  3  or  5,  more  or  less  uni- 
ted. Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule.  Leaves  oppo- 
site. Stipules  0. 

1,    Hypericum  L-       ST.  JOHN'S-WORT. 

Stamens  polyadelphous :  stigmas  capitate. 
Flowers  yellow. — If.. 

1.  H.  CONCINNUM  Benth.  Leaves  not  clasp- 
ing; stamens  decidedly  polyadelphous  in  three 
phalanges;  petals  longer  than  the  sepals. — 
Tamalpais.  Camp  Taylor.  Crystal  Springs. 
Summer. 


(216) 

2.  H.  ANAGALLOIDES  Cham.  &  Sclileclit. 
Leaves  clasping;  stamens  rather  polyandrous; 
petals  somewhat  shorter  than  the  sepals. — 
Presidio.  Saucelito.  Lagunitas.  Summer. 

Family  2.    SALICINEJE 

Dioecious.  Amentaceous.  $  :  perigonium  0; 
stamens  central.  ?  :  perigonium  0;  ovary 
2  carpidia,  connate  into  one;  ovules  GO;  styles 
2;  capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  co-seeded;  seeds 
with  hairy  arillus.  Leaves  deciduous,  alter- 
nate, stipulate. 

1.    Salix  Tourn.        WILLOW. 

Bracts  entire. 

1.  S.  L^VIGATA  Bebb.     Stamens  more  than 
2;  petioles  downy;  aments  coeval  with  leaves. 

£ .     Alms  House.     Spring. 

2.  S.  LASIANDEA    I3enth.     Stamens  more 
than  2;  petioles  glandular  at  their  upper  ends; 
aments   coeval   with   leaves.  -  -  ^ .     Alameda. 
Spring. 

3.  S.  LONGIFOLIA  Muhl.     Diandrous;  scales 
deciduous;    aments   coeval  with   leaves. —  ^. 
Common.     Spring. 

4.  S.  LASIOLEPIS  Benth.     Diandrous;  scales 
persistent,  darker  at  the  apex;  capsules  acute, 
smooth,  dark  green;  aments  precocious. —  £. 
Common.     Spring. 


(  217  ) 

5.  S.  COULTEBI  Anders.  Monandrous; 
ameuts  in  the  axils  of  persistent  leaves. —  V  . 
Mar  in  County.  Spring. 

2.     Populus  Tourn. 
POPLAR         COT  ION  WOOD. 
Bracts  fimbriate,  laciniate. —  !?  . 
1.     P.  TRICHOCARPA  Torr.  &  Gray. —  J? .     Ha- 
rm County.     Niles.     Spring. 

ORDER  8.  PAEIETALES.  Ovary  1-celled; 
placentation  parietal;  ovules  oo. 

Family  1,    CISTINE^. 

Calyx  2-seriate;  2  external  sepals  smaller 
than  the  3  internal,  contorted  to  the  left  in 
aestivation,  sometimes  0.  Petals  5,  caducous, 
contorted  to  the  right  in  aestivation.  Stamens 
GO  .  Ovary  free,  formed  by  several  connate 
carpidia;  style  1.  Fruit  a  capsule;  placenta- 
tion sometimes  apparently  axillary,  by  pla- 
centae protruding  towards  the  center. 

1.    Helianthemum  Tonm.       ROCK-ROSE. 

Ovary  3-valved.  Placentas  in  the  middle  of 
the  valves;  each  valve  more  than  2-seeded. 
.Flowers  yellow. 

1.  H.  SCOPARIUM  Nutt.  —  U.  Tamalpai?. 
Summer. 

Family  2.    LOASACE^E, 

Calyx-tube  more  or  less    connate  with   the 
10 


(  218  ) 

ovary,  costate;  margin  4  or  5-parted.  Petals 
4  or  5,  and  their  multiples.  Stamens  GO  , 
some  of  the  external  sometimes  petaloid. 
Ovary  inferior,  1-celled;  ovules  GO  ;  style  1. 
Fruit  a  capsule  immersed  in  the  calyx  tube. 

1,    Mentzelia  L 

Calyx  limb  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  not 
cucullate.  Stamens  oo,  inserted  in  the  throat 
of  the  calyx  below  the  petals.  Style  3-cleft. 
Capsule  dehiscent  near  the  apex. 

1.  M.  LINDLEYI  Torr.  &  Gray.     Petals  obo- 
vate,  abruptly  acuminate,  yellow. — 0.     Niles. 
Sunol.     San  Leandro.     Summer. 

2.  M.    L^EVICAULIS  Torr.    &  Gray.      Petals 
lanceolate,  cream-colored. — 0  0.     Arroyo  del 
Monte,  near  Livermore.     Summer. 

Family  3.    DATISCE-ffi, 

Calyx  tube  connate  with  ovary.  Petals  0. 
Ovary  1-celled;  placentae  on  the  middle  nerve 
of  the  carpidia:  ovules  oo  ;  styles  on  the  mar- 
gins of  the  carpidia,  2  for  each  placenta,  some- 
times united  into  a  contiguous  style.  Fruit  a 
capsule,  crowned  by  the  calyx  margin  and 
style. 

1.    Tricerastes  Presl.    (Datisca  L). 

Flowers  $  .  Calyx-tube  3-angular;  margin 
3-dentate.  Stamens  3,  alternate  with  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx;  anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  with 


(219) 

3   placenta?;     styles  3,  2-parted,  opposite  the 
calyx-teeth.  —It. 

1.  T.  GLOMERATA  Ben th  &  Hook. — Sunny- 
side.  Mies.  Summer. 

Family  4.    FRANKENIACEJE, 

Flowers  regular.  Calyx  gamophyllus  free, 
tubular,  costate,  persistent.  Petals  alternate 
with  the  lobes  of  calyx,  unguiculate.  Stamens 
not  correspondent  in  number  to  petals;  an- 
thers extrorse.  Ovary  1-celled.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule 2-4-valved,  included  in  the  persistent 
calyx-tube. 

1.    Frankenia  L- 

Leaves  opposite.     Stipules  0. — U  . 
1.     F.  GRANDIFLORA  Cham.  £  Schlecht.     Pe- 
tals pink. — Seashore.     Summer. 

Family  5.    VIOLACE^E, 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  unguiculate. 
Stamens  inserted  into  a  hypogynous  disc,  fila- 
ments flat;  anthers  short,  introrse,  pressed 
against  the  ovary,  the  connective  elongated 
beyond  the  anthers.  Ovary  free,  1-celled, 
formed  by  3  carpidia;  ovules  oo,  2-seriate; 
style  1,  persistent;  fruit  a  3-valved  capsule; 
valves  bearing  the  seeds  on  the  middle  nerve. 
Leaves  stipulate. 


(220) 

1.    Viola   L.        VIOLET. 

Sepals  unequal,  appendiculate  at  base.  Pet- 
als unequal,  the  inferior  longest  and  calcarate. 
Stamens  5;  anthers  cohering  into  a  tube,  the 
two  inferior  ones  appendiculate  at  their  base. 

1.  V.  ODORATA   L.     Stemless;  petals  violet. 
7£.     Throckmorton  Eanch.     Spring. 

Sweet  violet;  probably  escaped  from  culti- 
vation. 

2.  V.  CANINA   L.     Stem  leafy;  spar  as  long 
as  the   sepals;  petals   violet. — 1C.     Cemetery, 
Saucelito.     Spring. 

3.  V.  OCELLATA  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem  erect, 
leafy.     Leaves  cordate;  stipules  small,  sca- 
rious;    spur  merely  saccate;    petals   gradually 
changing  color  from  purple  to   white. — 1£. 
Tamalpais.     Santa  Cruz  Mountains.    Summer. 

4.  V.  PEDUNCULATA    Torr.   &   Gray.     Stem 
leafy,  ascending;  leaves  rhombic;  stipules  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  foliaceous;  sepals  lanceolate; 
spur  merely   saccate;    petals  yellow,  the  out- 
side  tinged   with   purple. —  It-      Common. 
Spring. 

5.  V.  AUREA  Kellogg.     Stem  leafy,  ascend- 
ing; leaves  lanceolate:  stipules  lanceolate,folia- 
ceous;    sepals  linear,  acuminate;    spur  merely 
saccate;    petals    yellow.  — 1C-       Contra    Costa 
mountains.     Summer. 


(221) 

6.  V.  SARMENTOSA  Dougl.     Stem  prostrate, 
leafy;    leaves   cordate,  finely   crenate;    petals 
yellow. — 1£.     Tamalpais.     Taylorville.     Sum- 
mer. 

7.  V.    LOBATA    Benth.     Erect    leafy    stem; 
cauline  leaves  palmate;    petals  yellow,  exter- 
nally tinged  with  purple.  —  2£.    Marin  County. 
Summer. 

Series  2.  APHANOCYCLIC^E.  Floral  parts 
showing  a  tendency  to  spiral  arrangement,  and 
generally  distinct.  Parts  of  the  gyncecium 
only  occasionally  connate.  Calyx  and  corolla 
often  of  the  same  or  similar  structure.  Numer- 
ical law  not  yet  established.  Stamens  gener- 
ally more  numerous  than  sepals  and  petals. 

ORDER  1.  CKUCIFLOK/E.  Calyx  and  cor- 
olla formed  from  2  and  its  multiples.  Circles 
of  stamens  more  than  1.  Carpidia  2  and  its 
multiples. 

Family  1,    CRUCIFEILffi, 

Sepals  2  pairs.  Petals  4.  Stamens  tetra- 
dynamous.  Ovary  free,  compound  of  2  lateral 
carpidia;  placentae  parietal,  on  the  margins  of 
a  spurious  septum  (replum);  style  1.  Fruit  a 
siliqua,  silicula  or  lomentum.  Leaves  alter- 
nate; stipules  0. 

1.    Raphanus  Tourn.       RADISH. 

Indehiscent  siliqua  irregularly  moniliform, 
several-seeded, 


(  222  ) 

1.  E.  SATivusL. — 0.  Common  all  the  year 
round. 

Escaped  from  gardens.  Originally  a  native 
of  China,  now  in  cultivation  over  the  whole 
earth. 

2,    Thysanocarpus  Hook. 

Indehiscent  silicula  (samara)  orbicular, 
winged,  1-seeded. — 0.  Spring. 

1.  T.  PUSILLUS  Hook.     Pubescent  through- 
out; cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  but  not 
clasping;  silicula  orbicular,  hirsute. — Niles. 

2.  T.  LACiNiATUsNutt.  Cauline  leaves  linear, 
scarcely  auricled  at  their  clasping  base;    sili- 
cula obovate,  slightly  pubescent. — Niles. 

3.  T.  CURVIPES    Hook.     Glabrous;    cauline 
leaves  conspicuously  auricled  at  the  clasping 
base;  silicula  orbicular. — Common. 

3,    Senebiera  Poir. 

Indehiscent  silicula   (schizocarp)    2-seeded. 
Seeds  globose,  rugose.    Flowers  minute,  white. 
1.     S.  DIDYMA   Pers. — 0.     Common.     Sum- 
mer. 

4.    Lepidium  R-  Br.       PEPPERGRASS. 

Silicula  dorsally  compressed,  ovate,  with  ca- 
rinate  valves  and  narrow  replum.  Seeds  soli- 
tary in  each  cell,  pendulous  from  the  apex  of 
the  replum. 


(  223  ) 

1.  L.  NITIDUM  Nutt.     Silieula  shining,  gla- 
brous; petals  whitish. — 0.  Common.    Spring. 

2.  L.  LATIPES   Hook.     Silicula  strongly  re- 
ticulated; petals  greenish. — 0.     Marin  Coun- 
ty.    Summer. 

5.    Capsella  Vent.        SHEPHERD'S-PUBSE. 

Silicula  dorsally  compressed,  with  carinate, 
1-nerved  valves  and  narrow  replum.  Seeds 
several.  Flowers  white. — 0. 

1.  C.  BUBSA-PASTOBIS  L. — Common  all  the 
year  round. 

Ballast  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 

6,    Tropidocarpum  Hook. 

Siliqua  dorsally  compressed,  linear,  with  1- 
nerved,  carinate  valves,  and  very  narrow  re- 
plum.  Seeds  oo.  Flowers  yellow. — 0 

1.  T.  GBACILE  Hook. — Marin  county.  Sum- 
mer. 

7.    Nasturtium  R  Br.        WATER-CRESS. 

Siliqua  linear,  with  concave  valves,  and  only 
rudimentary  nerve.  Seeds  GO,  2-seriate  in  each 
valve. — Aquatic. 

1.  N.  OFFICINALE  B.  Br.  Petals  white. — 2£. 
Common  all  the  year  round. 

Introduced  from  Europe,  at  present  perfectly 
naturalized. 


(  224  ) 

8,    Sisymbrium  L-        HEDGE-MUSTARD. 

Siliqua  linear,  with  concave,  3-nerved  valves. 
Seeds  oo,  1-seriate  in  each  valve. 

1.  S.   OFFICINALE    Scop.     Branches    divari- 
cate; siliqua  closaly   appressed  to  the  axis  of 
the  raceme;  petals  yellow. — 0.     Common  all 
the  year  round. 

Ballast  weed  from  Europe. 

2.  S.  ACUTANGULUM  DC.     Branches  ascend- 
ing; siliqua  erect;  petals  yellow. — 0.  Mission 
Dolores.     San  Jose.     Summer. 

Ballast  weed,  native  of  the  Mediterranean  re- 
gion. 

3.  S.   EEFLEXUM  Nutt.     Branches   but  few; 
siliqua  deflexed;  petals  yellow,  white  or  red.— 
0.     Presidio.  Saucelito.  Alameda.  Summer. 

9,     Cakile  Tourn.        SEA-ROCKET. 
Fruit  a  2-articulate  lomentum. 
1.     C.  AMERICANA  Nutt.    Petals  rose-colored. 
0.     Berkeley  salt  marshes.     Summer. 

10,    Barbarea  K.  Br.         WINTER-CRESS. 

Siliqua  linear,  4-augular  with  concave,  1- 
nerved  valves.  Seeds  oo,  compressed,  1-seriate 
in  each  valve.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  VULGABIS  B.  Br. — 2£.  San  Mateo. 
Summer, 


(225) 

11.    BrassicaL.        MUSTARD. 
Siliqua  linear,  with   concave,  more  than  1- 
nerved  valves.     Seeds  oo,  globose,  1-seriate  in 
each  valve.     Flowers  yellow. 

1.  B.  CAMPESTRIS  L.    Upper  leaves  clasping, 
auriculate. — 0.     Common.     Summer. 

Native  of  Europe,  but  escaped  from  cul- 
tivation and  naturalized. 

2.  B.  NIGRA  Boiss.  All  leaves  petioled. — 0. 
Very  common.     Summer. 

Black  mustard.  Probably  like  the  former 
escaped  from  cultivation,  but  at  present  a  trou- 
blesome weed,  plentiful  enough  to  impart  a 
disagreeable  taste  to  milk  and  honey. 

12.    Erysimum  L. 

Siliqua  linear,  4-angular,  with  carinate,  1- 
nerved  valves.  Seeds  oo,  globose,  1-seriate  in 
each  valve.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  E.  ASPERUM  DC.  00.  Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

.    13,    Caulanthus  Watson. 

Sepals  equally  saccate.  Petals  undulate. 
Siliqua  elongated,  terete,  sessile;  valves  1- 
nerved.  Seeds  oo,  oblong,  1-seriate  in  each 
valve.  00. 

1.  C.  PROCEEDS  Watson.  Petals  greenish 
white.  Common,  Summer, 

1QA 


(226) 

14,     Gheiranthus  L.         WALL-FLOWKR. 

Lateral  sepals  saccate.  Petals  unguiculate. 
Siliqua  laterally  compressed;  repluin  broad; 
valves  1-nerved.  Seeds  compressed,  1-seriate 
in  each  valve. 

1.  C.  ASPEE  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Petals  in 
different  localities  of  different  coloration,  viz., 
near  San  Francisco  cream-color,  at  San  Mateo 
orange-color,  in  Saucelito  light  yellow. — 0  0 . 
Common.  Spring. 

15,    Streptanthus  Nntt. 

Sepals  colored  and  equal.  Petals  undulate. 
Siliqua  laterally  compressed;  valves  flattened, 
1-nerved.  Seeds  oo,  1-seriate,  marginate,  com- 
pressed. 

1.  S.    GLANDULOSUS    Hook.      Hispid;     lat- 
eral pair  of  sepals  not  turned  inward  behind 
the  upper  petals;    sepals  and  petals  white  or 
red. — 0.     Sunnyside.     Spring. 

2.  S.  PERAMCENUS  Greene.     Hispid;   lateral 
pair  of  sepals  turned  inward  behind  the  upper 
petals;    sepals  dark  purple,   petals  pale. — 0. 
Wright's  Station.     Oakland  Hills.     Summer. 

3.  S.   NIGER  Greene.     Glabrous,    glaucous; 
sepals  obtuse,  dark  purple;    petals   pale  with 
purple  claws. — 0.     Tiburon.     Spring. 

16,    Arabis  L-       ROCK-CRESS. 
Petals  not  undulate.     Siliqua  laterally  com- 


(227) 

pressed,  linear;  valves  flattened,  with  promi- 
nent nerve.  Seeds  oo  ,  1-seriate,  compressed, 
marginate. 

1.  A.  BLEPHAROPHYLLA  Hook  &  Arn.  Leaves 
conspicuously  ciliate;    cauline  leaves  oblong, 
sessile;    petals    purple. — 2f.     Presidio.     Sau- 
celito.     Spring. 

2.  A.  PERFOLIATA  Lam.  (Tarritis  glabra  L.) 
Glaucous;   cauline  leaves   ovate,    clasping   by 
the  sagittate  base;  petals  pale. — 0  0.     Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

17,    Gardamine  L.      BITIER-CRESS. 

Siliqua  laterally  compressed,  linear;  valves 
flat,  without  nerve.  Seeds  GO,  1-seriate;  funi- 
cle  filiform. 

1.  C.  PAUCiSECTABenth.  Lower  leaves  simple 
or  3-lobed,cau]ine  leaves  5-foliolate. — 2£.  Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

2.  C.  OLIGOSPERMA  Nutt.    All  leaves  pinnate. 
0 ,     Saucelito.     San  Mateo.     Spring. 

18.    Alyssum  L. 

Silicula  laterally  compressed,  orbicular; 
valves  concave;  replum  broad.  Seeds  1  or  2 
in  each  valve. 

1.  A.  CALYCINUM  L.  Petals  white  or  yellow, 
but  little  exceeding  the  sepals.— 0.  San  Fran- 
cisco. Summer. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  escaped 
from  gardens, 


(228) 

2.  A.  MAEITIMUM  L.  Petals  white,twice  longer 
than  the  sepals. — It.  Oakland.  Summer. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  escaped 
from  gardens. 

Family  2,    FUMARIACEJE, 
Sepals  1  pair.      Corolla  irregular.     Stamens 
6  more  or  less  connate,  cliadelphous. 

1.     Dicentra  Bork.          BLEEDING-HEART. 

Sepals  small,  two  lateral  petals  flat,  anterior 
and  posterior  petals  calcarate.  Ovary  1-celled, 
with  two  parietal  placentae;  oo-ovulate.  Fruit 
a  2-valved  capsule. — 2f . 

1.  D.  CHBYSANTHA  Hook.  &  Arn.     Flowers 
yellow,    panicled    on   a  leafy   stem. —  Crystal 
Springs.     Summer. 

2.  D.  FORMOSA  DC.  Flowers  rose-color,  race- 
mose on  a  scape. — Colma.     Taylorville.    Sum- 
mer. 

Family  3,    PAPAVERACE^l. 

Sepals  2  or  3,  caducous.  Corolla  regular; 
petals  two  pairs,  sometimes  three.  Stamens 
not  connate.  Ovary  free. 

1,    Platystemon  Benth.     CREAM  CUPS. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6.  Stamens  oo;  filaments 
flattened  their  whole  length.  Carpidia  several, 
oc-seeded,  at  first  syncarpous;  stigmas  free? 
sessile,  linear,  Fruit  at  last  apocarpous,  dis- 


(229) 

solving  into  several  follicles.  Plant  villous. 
Flowers  creain  color.  —  0. 

1.  P.  CALiFOKNicusBenth.  Common.  Spring. 
2.  Platy stigma  Benth.  CREAM  Curs. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6.  Stamens  GO;  filaments 
flattened  only  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-angular, 
1-celled;  placentae  3;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  cap- 
sule, 3-angular,  3-valved,  co-seeded. — 0.  Ex- 
ternal petals  yellow,  internal  cream  color. 

1.  P.  LINEARE  Benth.     Filaments  flat.— 
Common.     Spring. 

2.  P.  CALIFORMCUM  Benth.  &  Hook.     Fila- 
ments terete. — San  Mateo.     Spring. 

3.    Dendroinecon  Benth. 

Sepals  2.  Petals  4.  Stamens  GO.  Ovary 
terete,  linear  with  2  placentae;  ovules  GO;  stigma 
sessile,  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  capsule  1-celled,  2- 
valved;  seeds  on  the  margin  of  the  valves. 
Flowers  yellow.  Leaves  rigid,  entire. —  £  . 

1.  D.  EIGIDUS  Benth. — Tamalpais.  Wright's 
Station.  Summer. 

4,    Eschscholtzia  Cham.        CALIFORNIA  POPPY. 

Calyx  and  corolla  inserted  into  a  turbiuate 
thalamus.  Calyx  gamosepalus,  circumscissile 
at  base.  Petals  4.  Stamens  oo,  adhering  to 
the  base  of  petals;  filaments  very  short;  an- 
thers extrorse.  Ovary  free,  terete,  1-celled, 
with  2  placentas;  stigmas  4.  Fruit  a  capsule. 


(230) 

10-nerved,  2-valved;  seeds  ou  the   margins  of 
the  valves. 

1.  E.  CALIFOUNICA  Cham.  Flowers 
orange — 2£.  Common.  Summer. 

5,     Meconopsis  Viguier. 

Sepals  2,  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  GO; 
anthers  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  obovate, 
1-celled,  with  more  than  2  placentae;  style 
short,  persistent;  stigmas  radiating.  Fruit  a 
1-celled  capsule,  dehiscent  by  several  slits  near 
the  apex. 

1.  M.  HETEROPHYLLA  Benth.  Petals  scarlet. 
0.  Sunnyside.  San  Mateo.  Niles.  Sum- 
mer. 

6,    Argemone  Touru.        PRICKLY  POPPY. 

Sepals  2  or  .3.  Petals  4  or  6.  Stamens  oo; 
anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  ovate,  2-celled,  with 
more  than  2  placentas;  stigmas  nearly  sessile, 
radiating.  Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by 
several  valves  near  the  apex. — 0. 

1.  A.  HISPIDA  Gray.  Petals  white. — Niles. 
Summer. 

ORDER  2.  POLYCAEPIC^.  Floral  parts 
with  a  tendency  to  arrange  themselves  spirally, 
and  gradually  merge  into  each  other. 

Family  1,    LAURINE^. 

Perigonium  6-parted.  Lobes  2-seriate,  im- 
bricate in  aestivation.  Disc  adnate  to  the  base 


(231) 

of  the  perigonium;  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  a  disc,  6  or  its  multiple;  anthers 
dehiscent  by  valves.  Ovary  1-celled,  com- 
pound of  3  carpidia,  but  only  1  ovule  devel- 
oped; style  1.  Fruit  baccate  or  drupaceous. 
Leaves  alternate;  stipules  0. 

1.     Oreodaphne  Nees  (Umbdlularia  Nutt). 

Margin  of  perigonium  deciduous.  Stamens 
9-12,  in  3  rows;  anthers  of  the  two  external 
rows  introrse,  of  the  third  extrorse,  their  fila- 
ments 2-glandular  at  the  base.  Fruit  a  drupe 
resting  on  an  enlarged  thalamus. —  ^  . 

1.  O.  CALIFORNIA  Nees.  Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

Bay  tree.     California  laurel. 

Family  2,    BERBERIDKffi, 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  1-3-seriate,  oppo- 
site each  other.  Anthers  extrorse,  dehiscent 
by  valves.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  ventral  pla- 
centa co-ovulate.  Fruit  capsular,  follicular  or 
baccate,  1  to  several-seeded.  Leaves  alternate; 
stipules  0. 

1.     VancOUVeria  Decaisne. 

Sepals  6.  Petals  6.  Stamens  6.  Fruit  a 
follicle,  several-seeded.  Flowers  white. — 2£. 

1.  V.  SEXANDBA  Morr.  &  Decaisne. — Marin 
County.  Spring. 


(232) 

2,     Berberis  k.        BARBERRY. 

Sepals  6,  protected  by  bracts.  Petals  6. 
Stamens  6.  Fruit  baccate,  few-seeded.  Flow- 
ers yellow. —  ^ . 

1.  B.    PINNATA    Lag.     Leaflets    pinnately 
veined,  shining  above,  acuminate;  first  pair  of 
leaflets  near  the  base  of  the  petiole. — Colma. 
Mission  Hills.     Spring. 

Berries  glaucous,  edible.  Stem  and  root 
contain  a  yellow  dye. 

2.  B.  AQUIFOLIUM  Pursh.  Leaflets  pinnately 
veined,  shining  above,  acuminate;  first  pair  of 
leaflets  remote  from  the  base  of  the  petiole. — 
Crystal  Springs.     Spring. 

3.  B.    KEPENS    Lindl.      Leaflets    pinnately 
veined,  not  shining   above,  not  acuminate.— 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

4.  B.  NERVOSA  Pursh.      Leaflets  palmately 
nerved. — Marin  County.     Spring. 

Family  3,    RANUNCULACEJE, 

Petals  alternate  with  sepals  and  imbricate  in 
aestivation.  Stamens  oo  ;  anthers  extrorse  (lat- 
eral), longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovaries  sev- 
eral, rarely  reduced  to  1,  apocarpous.  Fruit 
akene,  follicle  or  berry.  Stipules  0. 

1,    Paeoilia  Touru.        PEONY. 

Sepals  5,  unequal,  persistent.  Petals  equal 
5  or  10.  Stamens  oo;  ovaries  few,  seated  on  a 


(233) 

fleshy  disc,   oo-ovulate;  stigmas  sessile.     Fruit 
of  few  follicles,  coriaceous,  oo-seeded. 

1.  P.  BEOWNII  Dougl.  Petals  dark  red. — It- 
Marin  County.  Summer. 

2,    Actaea  L-        BANEBEBUY. 

Sepals  4,  equal,  caducous.  Petals  4,  Ovary 
but  1,  1-celled  with  ventral  placenta,  ovules 
2-seriate;  stigma  sessile.  Fruit  baccate,  oo- 
seeded. —  It-  Flowers  white. 

1.  A.  SPICATA  L.  Berry  red. — Redwood 
Peak.  Tamalpais.  Nicasio.  Spring. 

Narcotic  poison. 

3,    Delphinium  Tourn.       LARKSPUR. 

Sepals  5,  petaloid;  upper  one  calcarate. 
Corolla  irregular;  upper  petal  0;  2  lateral  pet- 
als projecting  by  their  appendices  into  the 
calyx-spur.  Ovaries  not  more  than  5,  oo-ovu- 
late.  Fruit  several  follicles. 

1.  D.    NUDICAULE    Torr.    &    Gray.     Leaves 
almost  all  radical,  3-5-lobed,  segments  broad, 
obtuse,  mucronulate;    flowers   in  lax  racemes, 
scarlet. — 0.      Contra   Costa   Range.      Marin 
County.     Summer. 

2.  D.  CALIFOENICUM  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stem 
smooth,    foliose;    leaves    3-5-cleft,    divisions 
lobed;  flowers  in  strict,  dense   racemes;   pedi- 
cels and  flowers  velvety,  pale,  sometimes  tinned 
with  violet. — It.  Saucelito.     Mission  Dolores, 
Summer. 


(  234  ) 

3.  D.  DECORUM.     Fisch.    &    Mey.     Pubes- 
cent: lower  leaves  5-lobed,  sparingly  toothed, 
upper    leaves  with   narrow,    linear    divisions; 
flowers  on   long  pedicels  in  an  open   raceme; 
follicles  glabrous;     flowers  blue. — 11!.     Marin 
County.     Summer. 

4.  D.  VARIEGATUM  Tor r.  &  Gray.  Pubescent; 
upper  and  lower   leaves  dissected,    segments 
oblong  or  linear;  flowers  on  long  pedicels  in  an 
open  raceme;  follicles  pubescent;  flowers  blue 
or  white.—  It.  Marin  County.  Crystal  Springs. 
Summer. 

5.  D.    SIMPLEX   Dougl.     Canescent;    upper 
and  lower   leaves   dissected,  segments  linear; 
flowers  on  short  pedicels   in   dense   racemes; 
follicles  pubescent;  flowers  white,  yellow,  red, 
blue    or    dark    purple. — 0.     Marin    County. 
Summer. 

This  genus  needs  investigation  in  regard 
to  its  toxic  properties.  One  of  the  species  is 
known  to  the  (sheep-herders  as  dangerous  to 
their  flocks.  Perhaps  all  the  perennial  species 
may  contain  an  acrid,  narcotic  substance. 
4,  Aquilegia  Tourn.  COLUMBINE. 

Sepals  5,  petaloid,  equal.  Petals  5,  bilab- 
iate, prolonged  backward  into  a  spur.  Fruit  5 
follicles. — 2£. 

1.  A.  TRUNCATA  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Flowers 
orange. — Common.  Spring. 


(235) 

5,    Ranunculus   L-       BUTTERCUP. 
Sepals  5.    Petals  5  or  multiple,  with  a  scale 
at  the  base.     Ovaries  oo,  1-ovulate.     Fruit  oo- 
akenes. 

1.  K.  HEBECARPUS   Hook.   &  Arn.     Akenes 
hispid,    roughened;  floral   parts   of  small  size 
and    reduced   in   their    typical  number. — 0. 
Marin  County.     Niles.     Spring. 

Flaccid  annual  of  the  habit  of  Bowlesia. 

2.  E.  MURICATUS  L.     Lower  leaves  rounded, 
3-lobed,  irregularly    crenate;   akenes  tubercu- 
late,  spinose;  floral  parts  typical  and  of  ordi- 
nary proportions;  petals  yellow. — 00.     Pre- 
sidio.    Summer. 

3.  E.  MAXIMUS  Greene.  Leaves  broad,  alter- 
nately divided;   radical   leaves  on   very  long 
petioles;    leaflets    laciniately     lobed;     akenes 
glabrous,    flat,    orbicular,    thin-edged;    styles 
long;   petals  more  than   5,  yellow. — It-     San 
Eafael.     Corte  Madera.     Summer. 

4.  E.  CALIFORNICQS  Benth.     Eadical  leaves 
pinnatqly     ternate;    leaflets     laciniately     cut; 
akenes    glabrous,    flat,    firmly    edged;    styles 
short;  petals  more  than  5;  yellow. — If.     Com- 
mon.   Summer. 

5.  E.  BLOOMERI  Watson.    Leaves  3-5-lobed, 
crenate;  akenes  lenticular;  styles  long,  straight; 
petals  yellow. — 2£.     Sunnyside.     Summer. 


(230) 

6.  E.  FLAMMULA   L.     Leaves  entire;  akenes 
smooth ;  stamens  more  than  10;   petals  bright 
yellow.  —  2£.     Marin  County.     Summer. 

7.  E.  PUSILLUS  Poir.    Leaves  entire;  akenes 
granulate;  stamens  never  more  than  10;  petals 
yellow. — 0.     Inundated    places    near    Napa. 
Summer. 

8.  E.  LOBBII  Hiern.     Aquatic;  leaves  float- 
ing, 3-lobed;  submerged  Leaves  0;  styles  long, 
filiform,    with    small   terminal   stigma;   petals 
white  with  yellow  claws. — 2£.     Olema.     Sum- 
mer. 

9.  E.  AQUATILIS  L.   Aquatic  with  submerged 
capillary,    multifid    leaves;    styles     subulate, 
not  longer  than  the  ovary,  introrsely  stigma- 
tose;    petals    white    with    yellow   claws. — If. 
Presidio.     Marin  County.     Summer. 

All  perennial  species  possess  an  acrid,  pois- 
onous principle,  which  disappears  by  drying, 
so  that  the  plant,  avoided  by  animals  in  its 
growing  state,  becomes  harmless  when  made 
into  hay. 

6,    Myosurus   L-       MOUSETAIL. 

Sepals  5,  ca4carate.  Petals  5,  on  filiform 
claws.  Fruit  oo-akenes,  crowded  on  an  elon- 
gated, spike-like  receptacle. —  © .  Dwarf  plants 
with  radical  leaves. 

1.     M.  MINIMUS  L, — Niles.    Spring. 


(  237  ) 

7,    Thalictrum  Touru.       MEADOW-ROE. 

Jnvolucre  0.  Sepals  4  or  5,  very  caducous. 
Petals  0.  Ovaries  GO,  1-ovulate.  Fruit  co- 
capitate  akenes.  Leaves  ternately  compound. 
K. 

1.  T.  FENDLERI  Engelm.  Flowers  violet. 
Saucelito.  San  Mateo.  Summer. 

8.    Anemone  Hall. 

Involucre  3-foliate.  Sepals  petaloid,  5  or  a 
multiple.  Petals  0.  Ovaries  GO,  1-ovulate. % 
Fruit  GO,  capitate  akenes. — It- 

1.  A.  GBAYI  Kellogg  &  Behr.  Flowers 
white,  tinged  with  blue  or  purple. — Tamalpais. 
Camp  Taylor.  Spring. 

9,    Clematis  L.         VIRCIN'S-BOWER. 

Sepals  4,  petaloid,  not  imbricate  in  aestiva- 
tion. Petals  0.  Ovaries  1-ovulate.  Fruit  GO 
akenes,  caudate  by  the  persistent  style. 

1.  C.  LASIANTHA  Nutt.     Tomentose;  flowers 
solitary  on  long  peduncles,  pale. — It.    Niles. 
Summer. 

2.  C.    LIGUSTICIFOLIA     Nutt.      Almost   gla- 
brous; Flowers  paniculate,  pale. — It.  San  Ma- 
teo.    Niles.     Marin  County.     Summer. 

ORDER  3.  RANALES.  Floral  parts  having 
a  pronounced  tendency  to  merge  gradually  into 
each  other. 


(238) 

Family  1,     NYMPHJEACE.E, 

Sepals  and  petals  inserted  into  a  fleshy,  cup- 
shaped  thalamus.  Stamens  oo,  co-seriate,  in- 
serted with  the  petals;  filaments  flat,  petaloid, 
anthers  introrse,  adnate.  Carpidia  several, 
immersed  in  the  thalamus,  and  presenting  the 
appearance  of  a  co-celled  ovary;  ovules  GO, 
inserted  on  the  partitions;  styles  united  and 
forming  a  radiate,  peltate  stigma,  projecting 
beyond  the  thalamus  and  persistent. 
1.  Nuphar  Smith.  WATER-LILY. 

Sepals  more  than  4,  petaloid.  Petals  oo, 
short,  densely  crowded  round  the  thalamus. 
Stigma  stipitate.  Fruit  a  baccate  pseudocarp. 
2£.  Aquatic.  Flowers  yellow. 

1.  N.  POLYSEPALUM  Engelm.  Sepals  more 
than  7. — Near  the  Marine  Hospital.  Taylor- 
ville,  Paper-mill  Creek.  Summer. 

SERIES  3.  PEBIGTN^E.  Thalamus  cup- 
shaped,  bearing  sepals,  petals  and  stamens, 
and  receiving  the  carpidia  in  shape  of  a  recep- 
tacle, which  in  many  instances  surrounds  the 
carpidia  enough  to  form  an  inferior  ovary. 

Section  1.  CALYCIFLOR.E.  Petals  present  and 
distinct,  4  or  5.  Stamens  4  or  5,  or  their  mul- 
tiples. 

ORDER  1.  MYKTALES.  Calyx  lobes  val- 
vate  in  aestivation.  Petals  as  many,  or  a  mul- 


(230) 

pie,  rarely  a  divisor.     Carpidia  united  into  a 
single  ovary. 

Family  1.    HALORRHAGIDE^, 

Calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  4-parted. 
Petals,  if  present,  alternate  with  calyx  lobes. 
Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  petals; 
if  of  equal  number  opposite  to  them.  Pla- 
centse  central,  1-ovulate.  Styles  as  many 
as  cells. 

1,    Hippuris  L-       MARE'S  TAIL. 

Flowers  $ ,  or  sometimes  polygamous,  mo- 
nandrous;  filament  subulate.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovulate,  style  filiform.  Fruit  a  caryopsis. — 11 . 
Aquatic.  Leaves  verticillate;  flowers  minute, 
solitary  in  the  axils. 

1.  H.VULGABIS  L. — Marine  Hospital  (at  pres- 
ent extinct).  Summer. 

2,    Myriophyllum  L.        WATKR  MILFOIL. 

Monoecious.  $  :  petals  caducous;  stamens  8. 
?  :  calyx  limb  and  petals  minute;  stigma  vil- 
lous;  ovary  4-celled,  4-ovulate. 

1.  M.  SPICATUM  L. — Marine  Hospital. 
Camp  Taylor.  Summer. 

Family  2,    ONAGRACE^, 

Calyx  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals  al- 
ternate with  them,  not  valvate  in  aestivation. 
Stamens  inserted  with  petals,  as  many  or  a 


(240) 

multiple;  anthers  introrse.     Placentae  central, 
oo-ovulate.     Style  1.     Stipules  0. 

1.    Jussiaea  L- 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
but  forming  an  epigynous  disc  ;  lobes  4-6, 
persistent.  Petals  4-6  ;  stamens  twice  as 
many.  Cells  of  ovary  as  many  as  calyx-lobes; 
stigma  capitate.  Fruit  a  septicidal  capsule. 

1.  J.  EEPENS  L.  Flowers  yellow;  leaves 
alternate. — 2f.  Aquatic.  Niles.  Alvarado. 
Summer. 

2.    Zauschneria  Presl. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  considerably  above  the 
ovary,  funnel-shaped,  colored,  with  4-lobed, 
deciduous  limb.  Petals  not  exceeding  the 
calyx-lobes,  2-cleft,  erect.  Stamens  8,  in- 
cluded. Ovary  4-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  with 
a  hairy  crown.  Fruit  a  capsule,  linear,  imper- 
fectly 4-celled,  oc -seeded.  Flowers  scarlet ; 
upper  leaves  alternate.  —  U  . 

1.  Z.  CALIFORNICA  Presl.  —  Oakland  Water- 
works. Mies.  Summer. 

3,  Epilobium  L-  WILLOW-HERB. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  but  little  beyond  the 
ovary;  limb  4-parted,  soon  deciduous.  Petals 
4,  obovate,  or  obcordate,  inserted  into  an  an- 
nular disc  on  the  summit  of  the  calyx-tube. 
Stamens  8.  Ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  a  4-angular, 


(241) 

4-celled,    loculicidal   capsule.      Seeds  with  a 
crown  of  long  hair. 

1.  E.  FRANCISCANUM  Barbey.      Stem  angu- 
lar; leaves  serrulate;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
style;  petals  purple. — II.     Fort  Point.     Sum- 
mer. 

2.  E.  MINUTUM  Lindl.     Stem  terete;  leaves 
almost  entire;  four  of  the  stamens  as  long  as 
the  style;   petals  rose-color. — 0.     Tamalpais. 
Summer. 

4,    Gayophytum  Juss. 

Calyx  tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
limb  4-parted,  reflexed,  deciduous.  Petals  4. 
Stamens  8;  anthers  versatile,  those  opposite 
the  petals  smaller  and  usually  sterile.  Ovary 
2-celled;  style  short;  stigma  capitate  or  cla- 
vate.  Fruit  a  capsule,  2-celled,  uneqally  4- 
valved. — 0 .  Slender  herbs. 

1.  G.  DIFFUSUM  Torr.  &  Gray.  Petals  pale 
rose-color. — Saucelito.  Spring. 

5.    (Enothera  L.        EVENING  PRIMROSE. 

Calyx  tube  more  or  less  prolonged  above  the 
ovary;  lobes  reflexed.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8; 
anthers  versatile.  Ovary  4-celled;  ovules  oo  ; 
style  filiform.  Fruit  a  4-celled  capsule,  loculi- 
cidal; seeds  GO,  smooth.  Leaves  alternate. 

1.  (E.  BIENNIS  L.  Stigma  lobes  linear; 
flowers  in  a  leafy  spike,  yellow. — 0  0.  San 

Mateo.     Niles.     Summer. 
11 


(242) 

2.  (E.  CALIFORNIA  Watson.     Stigma  lobes 
linear;  flowers  axillary,  white,  at  last  pinkish. 
U  •     Niles.     Summer. 

3.  (E.  OVATA  Nutt.     Stigma  capitate;  .calyx 
tube  filiform,  above  the  ovary;   petals  yellow. 
1C .     Common.     Spring. 

Leaves  and  flowers  formerly  in  use  as  a  salad. 

4.  (E.  CHEIRANTHI  FOLIA     Hornem.     Stigma 
capitate;  calyx  tube  obconic;    capsule  4-angu- 
lar  with  acute  angles;  canescent;  leaves  thick, 
entire;    petals  yellow. — 2£.     Seashore.     Sum- 
mer. 

5.  (E.  MICRANTHA   Hornem.      Stigma    cap- 
itate; calyx  tube  obconic;    capsule  4-angular 
with  acute  angles,  very  much  contorted;  leaves 
denticulate;    petals  yellow. — 0.     Niles.     Al- 
varado.     Summer. 

6.  (E.    DENTATA    Cav.     Stigma    capitate; 
calyx  tube  obconic;  capsule  elongated,  linear, 
shortly  beaked;  petals  yellow. — ©.    Common. 
Summer. 

7.  (E.  STRIGULOSA   Torr.    &   Gray.     Stigma 
capitate;  calyx  tube  obconic;  capsule  elongated, 
linear,  obtuse,  petals  yellow. — 0.      Common. 

Summer. 

6,    Godetia  Spacb. 

Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  fun- 
nel-shaped, the  lobes  reflexed.  Petals  4.  Sta- 
mens 8,  unequal;  anthers  basifixed.  Capsule 
ovate  to  linear;  seeds  smooth,  oo. — 0. 


(243) 

1.  G.  PURPUREA    Watson.      Flowers    in    a 
leafy,  terminal   cluster;  capsule   oblong;  seeds 
in  a  double  row  in   each   cell;  petals    purple. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  G.  LEPIDA  Lindl.     Flowers  in  short  sim- 
ple  spike;   capsule   oblong,  ovate;  seeds  in  a 
simple  row  in  each   cell;   petals  rose-colored, 
with   a  darker    spot    near  the    apex.  —  Niles. 
Summer. 

3.  G.  QUADRIVULNERA  Spach.     Capsule   lin- 
ear, sessile,  villous,   2-costate;  petals  purple. 
Common.     Summer. 

4.  G.  TENELLA   Watson.       Capsule    linear, 
sessile,  puberulent,  not  costate;  petals  purple. 
Niles.     Summer. 

5.  G.  AMCENA  Lilja.     Capsule  linear,  atten- 
uate at  each  end,  pedicillate;  plant   minutely 
puberulent;  petals  rose-color,  tinged  with  pur- 
ple, —  Common.     Summer. 

6.  G.  EPILOBIOIDES  Watson.  Capsule  linear, 
attenuate   into   a   short  pedicel,  acuminate  at 
the  apex;  plant  tomentosely  pubescent;  petals 
rose-color.  —  Niles.     Summer. 


7,    Clarkia 

Calyx-  tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary,  ob- 
conical,  deciduous,  the  lobes  reflexed.  Petals 
4,  unguiculate.  Stamens  8,  alternately  depau- 
perate; anthers  basifixed.  Capsule  linear; 
seeds  oo,  smooth.  —  0. 


(244) 

1.  C.  ELEGANS  Dougl.  Petals  rose-color. 
Alameda.  Summer. 

8,    Eucharidium  Fisch.  &  Mey. 

Caljx-tube  linear,  elongated  beyond  the 
ovary,  its  lobes  re  flexed,  deciduous.  Petals  4, 
unguiculate.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the 
petals;  anthers  basifixed.  Seeds  oo,  smooth. 
0. 

1.  E.  CONCINNUM  Fisch.  &  Mey.  Flowers 
red. — Marin  County.  Summer. 

9,    Boisduvalia  Spach. 

Calyx- tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  fun- 
nel-shaped, deciduous;  the  lobes  erect.  Petals 
4,  sessile,  2-lobed.  Stamens  8,  those  opposite 
the  petals  shorter;  anthers  basifixed.  Capsules 
4-celled;  seeds  oo,  smooth. — 0.  Flowers  pur- 
ple. 

1.  B.  DENSIFLOBA  Watson.  Canescent;  cap- 
sules oblong;  partitions  of  the  dehiscent  cap- 
sule separating   from    the    valves. — Common. 
Summer. 

2.  B.  GLABELLA  Walpers.   Capsules  oblong, 
almost  straight;    partitions   of   the   dehiscent 
capsule   adhering  to    the    valves. — Common. 
Summer. 

3.  B.    CLEISTOGAMA  Curran.      Capsules  ob- 
long,   4-angular,    curving    outward    from    the 
stem;  partitions  of  the  dehiscent   capsule   ad- 
herent to  the  valves. — Sunol.     Summer. 


(245) 

Family  3,    LYTHRABI2E, 

Calyx  tube  not  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Sta- 
mens inserted  with  the  petals,  and  of  definite 
number;  anthers  introrse  Ovary  free,  with 
central  placentae,  compound  of  carpidia;  ovules 
GO  ;  style  1. 

1,    Lythrum  L.        LOOSE-STRIFE. 

Calyx  tubular,  8-12-costate ;  limb  8-1 2-den- 
tate;  dentitions  alternating  in  size.  Petals  4-fi, 
opposite  the  smaller  dentitions  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  8-12.  Ovary  2-celled,  covered  by  the 
persistent  calyx.  Flowers  purple. 

1.  L.  ALATUM  Pursh. — It.  Tamalpais.  Sum- 
mer. 

ORDER  2.  BOSIFLOK^E.  Calyx  lobes 
imbricate  in  aestivation,  as  many  as  the  per- 
igynous  petals.  Ovaries  several,  in  different 
degrees  of  consolidation,  in  rare  cases  reduced 
to  a  single  one,  the  eccentric  position  of  which 
indicates  the  abortion  of  its  fellows. 

Family  1,    AMYGDALACEJE, 

Calyx  free,  5-cleft,  deciduous.  Petals  5, 
convolute  in  aestivation.  Ovaries  almost  always 
reduced  to  one,  1-celled,  2-ovulate.  Fruit  a 
drupe,  by  abortion  generally  1-seeded.  Leaves 
alternate,  stipulate;  stipules  caducous. 


(246) 

1,     Prunus  L.      PLUM.    CHEREY. 
Drupe  fleshy;  endocarp  not  rugose. —  +> . 

1.  EMARGINATA  Wa  1  p  e  r  s  .     Flowers   in    a 
corymb;  petals  white. — Tamalpais.     Spring. 

Black,  cherry-like  fruit.  Not  poisonous, 
although  not  edible. 

2.  P.  DEMISSA  Walpers.     Flowers  in  termi- 
nal racemes;  petals   white. — Mills  Seminary. 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

Dark  red  or  purplish  cherry.  Edible. 
1  'Choke-cherry." 

3.  P.  ILICIFOLIA  Walpers,     Flowers  in  leaf- 
less racemes  from  the  axils  of  evergreen  leaves; 
petals    white.  —  Common.     Spring.     "Holly- 
leaf  Cherry." 

Bed  or  purplish  cherry,  not  of  bad  taste,  but 
suspicious.  The  leaves  at  times  prove  poison- 
ous to  sheep  and  cattle,  probably  only  when 
by  their  withering  hydrocyanic  acid  is  devel- 
oped, the  smell  of  it  in  the  withering  leaves 
becomes  very  perceptible. 

2,    Nuttallia   Torr.  &  Gray. 

Flowers  polygamous.  Ovaries  5.  Fruit  sev- 
eral 1-seeded  drupes.  Flowers  white. —  £  . 

1.  N.  CERASIFORMIS  Torr.  &  Gray.  Flowers 
white. — Common.  Spring. 

Drupes  blue,  of  agreeable  but  slightly  bitter 
taste,  but  suspicious. 


(247) 

Family  2.    SPIRMEIE. 

Ovaries  verticillate,  rarely  reduced-  to  1. 
Fruit  follicular. 

1,    Spiraea  L. 

Seeds  small  exalbuminous,  with  inembrana- 
ceous  testa. 

1.  S.  DISCOLOR  Pursli.  Flowers  reddish. —  *?. 
Common.  Summer. 

2.     Neillia  Don.        NINE-BARK.    BRIDAL- WREATH. 

Seeds  albuminous,  with  a  shining  crusta- 
ceous  testa.  Flowers  white. —  £  . 

1.  N.  OPULIFOLIA  Benth.  &  Hook. — Com- 
mon. Summer. 

Family  3,    DRYADACE^E, 

Ovaries  collected  around  a  convex  recepta- 
cle, rarely  reduced  to  1,  1-ovulate.  Fruit  in- 
dehiscent,  frequently  drupaceous. 

1,    Rubus  I;-        BLACKBERRY.    KASPBERRY. 

Calyx  persistent,  concave  or  flattened;  limb 
5-parted.  Stamens  oo.  Ovaries  on  a  convex 
receptacle.  Fruit  drupes  oo,  on  a  conical  re- 
ceptacle. 

1.  E.  NUTKANUS    Moc.      Leaves    palmately 
lobed;  petals  white. —  £  .     Common.    Summer. 
'  'Salmon-berry." 

2.  E.  SPECTABILIS  Pursh.    Armed  with  stout 
prickles;  leaves  3-foliolate,  underneath  slightly 


(248) 

pubescent;  flowers  almost   solitary,  red.  —  £  . 
Colina.     Saucelito.     Summer. 

Fruit  looks  like  a  raspberry,  red  or  yellow, 
rather  insipid. 

3.  E.  LEUCODERMIS    D  o  u  g  1.     Armed  with 
stout  prickles;  leaves  3-5-foliolate,  leaflets  un- 
derneath white- tomentose;  flowers  in  few-flow- 
ered corymbs,  white. —  £  .     Los  Gatos  Creek. 
Summer. 

Fruit  a  raspberry,  red,  of  agreeable  flavor. 

4.  R.  URSINUS  Cham.  &   Schlecht.     Armed 
with  slender  bristles   or  bristle-like  prickles; 
leaves  generally  3-foliolate,  not  tomentose  un- 
derneath; flowers  white. —  ^,    Common.   Sum- 
mer.    ' '  Wild-blackberry." 

2,  Fragaria  I*.  STRAWBERRY. 
Calyx  concave  or  flattened,  persistent,  5- 
lobed,  augmented  by  6  bractlets.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  a  multiple  of  5.  Ovaries  oo,  on  a  con- 
vex receptacle;  styles  lateral.  Fruit  GO  akenes 
on  an  enlarged,  fleshy  receptacle. — 2f . 

1.  F.  CHILE N sis  Ehr.     Leaves  perfectly 
smooth  and   shining   on  their  upper   surface. 
Flowers  white. — Presidio.    Cliff  House.    Point 
Bonita.     Summer. 

2.  F.  CALIFORNIA  Cham.&  Schlecht.  Leaves 
sparingly  villous  and  not  shining  on  their  up- 
per surface. — Common.     Summer. 


(249) 

3,  Potentilla  L.        FIVE-FINGEE. 

Calyx  concave  or  flattened,  5-lobed,  aug- 
mented by  5  bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  a 
multiple  of  5.  Ovaries  oo,  on  a  slightly  coni- 
cal receptacle.  Styles  lateral.  Fruit  GO  akenes. 
Receptacle  not  enlarged. 

1.  P.  GLANDULOSA  Lindl.     Flowers  cymose; 
petals  pale    yellow,    sometimes    white. —  If. 
Contra  Costa  range.     Summer. 

2.  P.  ANSEBINA    L.     Flowers  axillary,   soli- 
tary, yellow. — 2£.     Common  on  moist  places. 
Summer. 

4.  Horkelia   Cham.  &  Schlecht. 

Calyx  campanulate,  limb  5-parted,  augment- 
ed by  5  bractlets.  Petals  5.  Stamens  a  mult i- 
of  5.  Ovaries  inserted  on  a  conical  receptacle; 
styles  subterminal.  Fruit  akenes. —  U- 

1.  H.  CALIFOENICA  Cham.  &  Schlecht.  Glan- 
dular pubescent;  calyx-tube  deeply  campanu- 
late; petals  white. — Common.     Summer. 

2.  H.  KELLOGGII  Greene.    Silky  pubescent; 
calyx-tube  spreading;  cupuliform;  petals  white. 
Alameda.     Summer. 

Family  4,    SANGUISORBACE^E. 

Calyx-tube  contracted  at  its  apex,  including 
the  ovaries.  Petals  often  0,  Stamens  and 
ovaries  often  reduced  in  number.  Ovaries  1- 
ovulate. 

llA 


(250) 

1.    Adenostoma  Hook.  &  Am. 

CHEMISAL.     GBEASEWOOD. 

Calyx  funnel-shaped;  tube  10-costate;  limb 
5-parted.  Petals  5;  stamens  a  multiple.  Ovary 
1,  with  truncate,  pubescent  apex.  Fruit  an 
akene,  included  in  the  persistent  calyx-tube. 
Flowers  white. —  £  . 

1.  A.  FASCICULATUM  Hook.  &  Arn  . — Com- 
mon. Summer. 

2,    Alchemilla  Tourn.        LADY'S  MANTLE. 

Calyx-tube  urceolate,  persistent;  limb  4- 
parted,  with  4  minute,  deciduous  bractlets. 
Petals  0.  Stamens  reduced,  1-4.  Ovaries  1-4; 
styles  basilar.  Fruit  1-4  akenes. 

1.  A.  ABVENSIS  Scop. — 0.  Common.  Spring. 
3.  Acsena  Vabl. 

Calyx-tube  contracted  at  the  throat,  oblong, 
angular,  the  angles  armed  with  glochidiate 
prickles;  limb  persistent.  Petals  0.  Sta- 
mens reduced  1-5.  Ovaries  1  or  2;  styles 
terminal;  stigmas  peiiicillate.  Fruit  an  akene, 
enclosed  in  the  persistent  calyx. — 2£. 

1.  A.  TKIFIDA  Euiz  &  Pavon. — Common. 
Summer. 

4.     Cercocarpus    HBK.        MOUNTAIN  MAHOGANY. 

Calyx-tube  cylindrical,  persistent;  limb 
turbinate,  5-lobed,  deciduous.  Petals  0.  Sta- 
mens multiple  of  5.  Ovary  1;  style  termi- 


(251) 

nal,  long  exserted.  Fruit  an  akene,  linear, 
terete,  caudate  by  the  elongated,  plumose, 
twisted  style. —  ^ 

1.  C.  PARVIFOLIUS  Nutt.—  San  L  e  a  n  d  r  o . 
Lake  Chabot.  Spring. 

Family  5,    ROSACEJE, 

Carpidia  oo,  1-ovulate,  indehiscent,  included 
in  the  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  oc. 

1.     Rosa  Tourn.        ROSE. 

Calyx-tube  urceolate,  constricted  at  the 
throat;  limb  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Styles  lat- 
eral, exserted.  Fruit  oo-akenes,  included  in 
the  fleshy  calyx-tube. —  £  . 

1.  E.  CALIFORNIA  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Fol- 
iage and  inflorescence  tomentose;  fruit  globose; 
calyx  lobes  persistent. — Common.    Summer. 

2.  E.  GYMNOCARPA  Nutt.    Glabrous;  petioles 
and  stipules  glandular;  fruit  ovate;  calyx  lobes 
deciduous. — Tamalpais.     Summer. 

Family  6.    CALYCANTHE^. 

Calyx  fleshy;  tube  obconical;  limb  di- 
vided into  oo-seriate  lobes.  Petals  0.  Sta- 
mens oo ;  anthers  extrorse.  Ovaries  GO,  1- 
ovulate  inserted  on  the  whole  inner  surface  of 
the  calyx-tube;  styles  oo,  terminal,  exserted. 
Fruit  oo-akenes,  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  calyx- 
tube.  Leaves  opposite.  Stipules  0. 


(252) 

1,    Calycanthus  Lindl.       SPICE-BUSH. 

Inner  lobes  of  the  oo-seriate  calyx-limb 
smaller  than  the  external.  Outer  series  of 
stamens  fertile,  inner  sterile.  Flowers  dark 
purple. —  £ . 

1.  C.  OCCIDENTALIS  Hook.  &  Am. — Sonoma. 
Napa.  Summer.  Leaves  and  branches  fra- 
grant when  bruised. 

Family?,    POMACEJE, 

Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary;  limb  5- 
parted.  .Carpidia  2-5,  2-ovulate;  styles  2-5. 
Fruit  baccate. 

1.   Photinia  Lindl. 

(Heteromeles  J.  Rcemer.)        TOYON. 

Carpidia  2,  imperfectly  united  and  only  half 
immersed  in  the  calyx-tube;  styles  2.  Calyx- 
limb  growing  fleshy  in  fruit  and  covering  the 
upper  half  of  the  carpidia,  which  are  1-seeded 
by  abortion.  Flowers  in  corymbose  panicles. 
*>. 

1.  P.  ARBUTIFOLIA  Koemer.  Flowers  white. 
Common.  Summer. 

Berries  coral  red,  of  astringent  taste,  but 
used  by  the  original  settlers  in  the  preparation 
of  a  refreshing  drink. 

2,    Amelanchier  Medik. 
JUNE-BERRY.     SERVICE-BERRY. 
Ovules  of  carpidion  separated  by  an  incom- 


(253) 

plete  septum,  1  ovule  becoming  abortive  in  the 
ripe  fruit. —  ^  .     Flowers  in  racemes. 

1.  A.  ALNIFOLIA  Nutt.  Flowers  white. 
Common.  Summer.  Berries  purplish,  edible. 

ORDER  3.  LEGUMINOSJE.  Ovary  1,  1- 
celled.  Fruit  a  legume.  Leaves  alternate, 
stipulate. 

Family  1,    PAPILIONACE^l, 

Corolla  papilionaceous.     Stamens  10. 
1,    Pickeringia  Nutt. 

Petals  of  the  carina  not  connate.  Stamens 
not  diadelphous.  Legume  linear,  compressed. 
Flowers  purple;  leaves  palrnately  3-foliolate, 
evergreen;  stipules  evanescent. —  *> . 

1.  P.  MONTANA  Nutt. — Tamalpais.  Crystal 
Springs.  Wright's  Station.  Summer. 

2.  Thermopsis  R.  Brown. 

Petals  of  the  carina  partly  connate.  Stamens 
not  diadelphous.  Legume  linear,  compressed. 
Flowers  yellow;  leaves  palmately  3-foliolate; 
stipules  persistent,  foliaceous. —  If. 

1.  T.  CALIFORNICA  Watson. — San  Rafael. 
Saucelito.  Summer. 

3,  Lupinus  L.         LUPINE. 

Stamens  monadelphous;  anthers  alternately 
oblong  and  reniform.  Leaves  palmate;  stip- 
ules adnate. 


(254) 

1.  L.  ARBOREUS  Sims.     Slightly  silky  pub- 
escent,   pubescence    appressed;       flowers    on 
slender  pedicels;    bracts  linear,    equaling   the 
calyx,  deciduous;  superior  and  inferior  calyx 
lip  nearly  equal;    ovules  more  than   6   in   the 
legume;  petioles  short;  flowers  yellow. — 0  0. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  L.  CHAMISSONIS  Esch.     Appressed  silky 
pubescence;  pubescence  dense;  flowers  on  slen- 
der pedicels;    bracts  lanceolate,   shorter  than 
the  calyx,    deciduous;    superior   and   inferior 
calyx  lip  nearly  equal;    ovules   more  than   6; 
petioles    short;     flowers  violet   or    pale. —  £. 
Common.     Summer. 

3.  L.  DOUGLASII  Agardh.       Almost  torn  en - 
tose;  flowers  on  slender  pedicels;  bracts  linear 
exceeding  the  calyx,  deciduous;    superior  and 
inferior   calyx   lip   nearly  equal;  ovules  more 
than  6;    petioles  short;    flowers   purple. — 1£. 
Common.     Summer. 

4.  L.    POLYPHYLLUS   Lindl.     Leaflets   glab- 
rous above;   flowers  on  long  pedicels;   bracts 
lanceolate,  not  longer  than  the  calyx;  superior 
and   inferior   calyx   lip  nearly    equal,    entire; 
ovules  more   than    6;     petioles    considerably 
longer  than  the  leaflets;    flowers  blue,  purple 
or  white. — 1C.     Common.     Summer. 

5.  L.  RIVULARIS  Dougl.     Leaflets  glabrous 
above;  flowers  on  long  pedicels;  bracts  setace- 
ous, exceeding  the  calyx;  superior  and  inferior 


(255) 

calyx-lip  nearly  equal;  ovules  more  than  6; 
petioles  equalling  the  leaflets;  flowers  purple. 
1£ .  Tamalpais.  Summer. 

6.  L.  LITTORALIS  Dougl.     Leaflets  glabrous 
above;    flowers   on   short   pedicels.     Racemes 
short;  bracts  setaceous,  exceeding  the   calyx; 
ovules  more  than  6;  petioles  longer  than  the 
leaflets;  flowers  violet  marked  with  yellow. — 1£ . 
Marin  County  near  the  seacoast.     Summer. 

7.  L.  ALBICAULIS  Dougl.     Bracts  subulate, 
shorter  than  the  calyx;  deciduous;  calyx-lips 
nearly   of  equal   length,  the   upper   narrowed 
and  dentate;  vexillum  acute,  its  margins  near 
the    apex  coherent ;  ovules  about  6 ;  petioles 
not  longer  than  the  leaflets;  flowers  pale  blue. 
11 .     Marin  County.     Summer. 

8.  L.  AFFINIS  Agard.     Pubescent ;  racemes 
formed  by  regular  whorls;  bracts  short;  supe- 
rior  calyx -lip   2-cleft;  legume  linear;    ovules 
about  6;  petioles  twice  as  long  as  the  leaflets; 
flowers  blue  with  a  white  spot  on  the  vexillum, 
which  afterwards  turns  red.  —  0.     Common. 
Spring. 

9.  L.   NANUS   Dougl.     Pubescent  ;  racemes 
formed  by  regular   whorls ;  bracts   exceeding 
the  calyx  ;    superior  calyx-lip  2-cleft  ;    ovules 
6-8  ;  petioles  much   longer  than    the  leaflets; 
flowers  blue  marked  with  white. — 0.     Berke- 
ley.    Spring. 


(256) 

10.  L.  MICEANTHUS  Dougl.  Villous;  racemes 
formed  by  regular  whorls;  bracts  shorter  than 
the   calyx ;  superior   calyx-lip   2-lobed;   lobes 
short  3-angular;  lower  lip  almost  entire;  flow- 
ers blue,  sometimes  marked  with  white. — 0. 
Common.     Spring. 

11.  L.  TRIPIDUS  Watson.     Villous;  racemes 
generally  reduced  to  a  single  whorl;  superior 
calyx-lip   2-lobed,    inferior    calyx-lip   3-cleft ; 
flowers   blue    marked   with   white. — 0.     San 
Francisco  sand  hills.     Spring. 

12.  L.  TBUNCATUS  Nutt.     Nearly  glabrous; 
flowers  of  the  raceme  scattered,  not  in  whorls; 
superior  calyx-lip  2-cleft;  leaflets  truncate  at 
the  apex;  legume  8-ovuled;  petals  dark  pur- 
ple.— ©.     Contra  Costa  hills.     Spring. 

13.  L.  MICEOCAEPUS   Sims.      Villous;   calyx 
densely  villous,  its  lips  dentate,  the  upper  very 
short;  legume  ovate,  2-ovuled;  flowers  purple, 
rose-color  or   white. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

14.  L.  DENSIFLOEUS  Benth      Villous;   calyx 
almost  glabrous;  legume  ovate,  2-ovuled;  flow- 
ers yellow  or  pale. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

4,    Trifolium  Tourn.       CLOVER. 
Diadelphous.     Petals   persistent  and  adnate 
to  the  stamineal  tube.     Legume   utriculate,  ir- 
regularly  dehiscent.     Leaves   palmately  com- 
pound; stipules  adnate. 


(257) 

1.  T.  BEPENS    L.     All    peduncles    axillary, 
longer  than  the  leaf.    Petals  white. — If.   Com- 
mon. Summer. 

2.  T.  MACRAE  Hook.  &  Arn.     Heads  not  iii- 
volucrate;  flowers  sessile;  petals  dark  purple. 
0 .     Marin  County.     Spring. 

3.  T.  CILIATUM  Nutt-     Heads    not    involu- 
crate;  flowers  shortly  pedicillate;  calyx  teeth 
lanceolate,  rigid,  ciliate  at  the  bottom;  petals 
white  or  purplish. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

4.  T.  GBACILENTUM  Torr.    &   Gray.     Heads 
not   involucrate;    flowers    shortly  pedicillate; 
leaflets   obovate;   petal   rose-color. — Common. 
Spring. 

5.  T.  BIFIDUM    Gray.      Heads   not    involu- 
crate;  flowers  shortly  pedicillate ;   leaflets  bifid 
at  the  apex;  corolla  rose-color. — 0.     Common. 
Spring. 

6.  T.  INVOLUCBATUM  Willd.     Heads  involu- 
crate; involucre  herbaceous,  deeply  lobed,  the 
lobes  deeply  dentate;  corolla  not  becoming  in- 
flated; legume  more  than  4-ovulate;  petals  rose- 
color. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

7.  T.  TBIDENTATUM  Lindl.     Heads    involu- 
crate; involucre  herbaceous,  deeply  lobed,  the 
lobes  deeply  dentate;  corolla  not  becoming  in- 
flated; legume   1-2-ovulate;  calyx  teeth  rigid, 
abruptly  narrowed  into  aspinulose  apex;  petals 
considerably  exceeding  the  calyx,  purple  with 
paler  or  white  tips. — 0.     Common.     Spring 


(258) 

8.  T.  PAUCIFLOEUM    Nutt.     Heads    involu- 
crate;  involucre  herbaceous,  deeply  lobed,  the 
lobes  deeply  dentate;  corolla  not  becoming  in- 
flated; legume  1-2-ovulate;  petals  scarcely  ex- 
ceeding  the  calyx,  purple   or   rose-eolor. — 0. 
Common.     Spring. 

9.  T.  MICROCEPHALUM   Pursh.     Heads  invo- 
lucrate;   involucre   membranaceous,    its   lobes 
entire;  corolla   not  becoming  inflated;  petals 
pale. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

10.  T.  MrcRODON  Hook.  &  Arn.     Heads  in- 
volucrate;  involucre  membranaceous,  its  lobes 
3-dentate;  corolla  not  becoming  inflated;  petals 
white  or  pale. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

11.  T.   BARBIGERUM  Torr.      Heads   involu- 
crate;  involucre  broad,  oo-dentate;  corolla  be- 
coming   inflated;     petals   purple. — 0.     Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

12.  T.  FUCATUM  Lindl.     Heads  involucrate; 
involucre  deeply  lobed;    corolla  becoming   in- 
flated, pale. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

13.  T.  DEPAUPERATUM  Desv.     Involucre  al- 
most 0,  reduced  to  a  mere  disc;  corolla  becom- 
ing inflated,  white  or  purple. — 0.     Common. 

Spring. 

5,    Melilotus  Tourn.        MELILOT. 

Diadelphous.  Petals  free  from  the  column 
of  stamens  and  deciduous.  Legume  globose. 
Flowers  racemose.  Leaves  pinnately  3-foli- 
olate;  stipules  adnate. 


(  259  ) 

1.  M.  PABVIFLORA  Desf.  Flowers  yellow. 
0 .  Common  the  year  round. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  but  at 
present  perfectly  naturalized. 

6,    MedicagO  Tourn.        MEDICK. 
Diadelphous.     Petals  free  from  the  column 
of  stamens  and  deciduous.      Legume  globose. 
Flowers  racemose.     Leaves  pinnately  3-foliol- 
ate;  stipules  adnate. 

1.  M.  SATIVA  L.     Legume  without  prickles, 
spirally  rolled  up,  the  spiral  leaving  an    open 
space   in   the    center;     flowers   purple.  —  If. 
Common  all  the  year  round.     "Alfalfa." 

Native  of  Europe,  but  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion in  different  countries. 

2.  M.  DENTICULATA  Willd.    Legume  spirally 
rolled  up   and   armed   with   a    double  row  of 
prickles;  flowers  yellow. — 0.   Common  all  the 
year  round. 

Native  of  Europe,  a  fodder  plant,  but  owing 
to  the  prickles  that  infest  its  legume,  not  de- 
sirable in  wool-growing  districts. 

3.  M.  LUPULINA  L.  Legume  without  prickles, 
spirally  rolled  up,  the  spiral  leaving  no  open 
space  in  the  center;  flowers  yellow. — 0.  Com- 
mon all  the  year  round. 

Native  of  Europe,  now  naturalized. 


(260) 

7,    Hosackia  Dougi. 

Diadelphous.  Petals  unguiculate.  Legume 
cylindrical,  linear,  almost  straight,  dehiscent, 
sessile.  Ovules  more  than  2.  Flowers  umbel- 
late, or  by  depauperation  solitary.  Leaves 
imparipinnate,  2  to  several-foliolate;  stipules 
often  minute. 

1.  H.  STIPULAEIS   Benth.      Stipules   large, 
foliaceous;  flowers  purplish. — It-  Contra  Costa 
range.     Summer. 

2.  H.  GRACILIS  Benth.      Stipules  scarious; 
vexillum  yellow;  wings  and  carina  purple. — 1£ . 
Colma.     Talmalpais.     Summer. 

3 .  H.  STRIGOSA  Nutt.     Stipules  reduced  to 
blackish  glands;  rachisof  leaf  flattened;  vexil- 
lum attenuate  below,   carina  obtuse  ;  flowers 
yellow. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

4.  H.  PARVIFLORA  Benth.     Stipules  reduced 
to  blackish  glands;    rachis  of   leaf  flattened; 
vexillum  cordate;  carina  acute;  flowers  pale. — 
0.     Common.     Spring. 

5.  H.  PURSHIANA  Benth.     Stipules  reduced 
to  glands;  leaves   almost   sessile;  flowers  pe- 
duncled,  pale;  vexillum  pink. — 0.     Common. 
Summer. 

6.  H.  SUBPINNATA  Torr.  &  Gray.     Stipules 
gland-like,  leaves  petioled;  flowers  almost  ses- 
sile;   legume   5-seeded;    petals    yellow.  —  0. 
Common.     Summer. 


(261) 

7.  H.  BRACHYCARPA  Benth.  Stipules  gland- 
like;  leaves  petioled;  flowers  almost  sessile, 
legume  less  than  5-seeded;  petals  yellow. — 0. 
Common.  Summer. 

8,     Syrmatium  Vogel.         (ffosackia,  Dougl.) 

Diadelphous.  Petals  unguiculate.  Legume 
indehiscent,  incurved.  Ovules  less  than  3. 
Umbels  few-flowered.  Stipules  reduced  to 
dark  colored  glands. 

1.  S.  GLABRUM  Torr.    Glabrous;  calyx  teeth 
narrow,  erect;  flowers  yellow. — It-     Common. 
Summer. 

2.  S.  CYTISOIDES  Benth.     Glabrous.     Calyx 
teeth  attenuate,  recurved;  flowers  yellow. — If. 
Half  Moon  Bay.     Crystal  Springs.     Summer. 

3.  S.  TOMENTOSUM  Hook.  &  Arn.  Pubescent 
throughout;  calyx  teeth  filiform;  flowers  yel- 
low.— If.     Marine  Hospital.     Summer. 

9,    Psoralea  k- 

Diadelphous.  Glandular.  Wings  united  to 
the  carina.  Ovary  sessile,  1-ovulate.  Legume 
included  in  the  calyx,  indehiscent.  Leaves 
imparipinnate,  3-5-foliolate;  stipules  not  ad- 
nate. 

1.  P.  ORBICULARIS  Lindl.  Stems  prostrate; 
corolla  purple,  sometimes  white. — If.  Com- 
mon. Summer. 


(262) 

2.  P.  STROBILINA  Hook.  &  Am.  Stem  erect; 
stipules  large,  membranaceous,  acuminate;  pe- 
duncles  shorter   than   the   leaves;   flowers   in 
short  spikes;  bracts  large,  deciduous;  corolla 
purple. — It-     Contra  Costa  range.     Summer. 

3.  P.  MACROSTACHYA  DC.     Stem  erect;   sti- 
pules  small,    lanceolate;  peduncles   much  ex- 
ceeding the  leaves;  spikes  cylindrical;  bracts 
large,  acuminate;  corolla  purple.  —  2£.     Marin 
County.     Summer. 

4.  P.  PHYSODES  Dougl.      Stems   erect;  sti- 
pules small,  lanceolate;  peduncles  about  equal- 
ing   the    leaves;    flowers   in   racemes;    bracts 
small;  corolla  white   or 'purplish. — 1C-     Coast 
Eange.     Summer. 

10,    Amorpha  L.        FALSE  INDIGO. 

Monadelphous.  Vexillum  unguiculate.  Wings 
and  carina  0.  Ovary  sessile,  2-ovulate.  Le- 
gume very  late,  dehiscent.  Glandular.  Leaves 
imparipinnate. —  ^ . 

1.  A.  CALIPOENICA  Nutt.  Flowers  purple. 
Marine  County.  Summer. 

11.  Glycyrrhiza  L.  LIQUORICE. 
Diadelphous.  Calyx  not  bracteolate.  Vex- 
illum, wings  and  carina  straight.  Anthers 
confluent.  Legume  ovate,  compressed,  few- 
seeded,  echinate.  Glandular.  Leaves  impari- 
pinnate.— It- 


(263) 

1.  G.  LEriDOTA  Nutt.  Flowers  ochroleu- 
cous. — Niles.  Summer, 

12,   Astragalus  L- 

BATTLE  WEED.     LOCO-WEED. 

Diadelphous.  Carina  blunt.  Legume  more 
or  less  divided  by  the  intrusion  of  the  dorsal 
suture.  Seeds  reniform.  Leaves  imparipin- 
nate. 

1.  A.  DIDYMOCABPUS  Hook.  &  Arn.    Legume 
transversely  wrinkled,  2-seeded;    corolla  white 
and  violet. — Contra  Costa.     Summer. 

2.  A.  TENEE  Gray.     Legume  ao-seeded,  not 
inflated;  corolla  white,  sometimes  violet  tipped. 
0. — Golden  Gate  Park.     Cemetery.    Summer. 

3.  A.  LEUCOPHYLLUS  Torr.  &]  Gray.  Legume 
inflated,   stipitate  in  the  calyx;    corolla  pale. 
It- — Sunol,     Summer. 

4.  A.  CROTALARLE   Gray.     Legume  inflated, 
sessile  in  the  calyx;   stipules   distinct;    corolla 
white,  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. 
1C . — Sandhills  near  San  Francisco.     Summer. 

5.  A.  MENZIESII    Gray.      Legume    inflated, 
sessile  in  the  calyx;  stipules  connate,  opposite 
the  petiole;  corolla  white,  more  than  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx. — If  . 

6.  A.  DOUGLASII  Gray.  Legume  inflated,  ses- 
sile in  the  calyx;  corolla  pale,  hardly  twice  the 
length  of  the  calyx. — 2£.     Coast  Range.    Sum- 
mer. 


(264) 

7.  A.  PYCNOSTACHYUS  Gray.  Legume  co- 
riaceous, not  inflated,  lenticular,  reticulated; 
ovules  5;  seeds  less  than  4;  corolla  pale. — It. 
Bolinas  Bay.  Summer. 

Some  species  of  Astragalus  have  the  repu- 
tation of  being  poisonous  to  cattle,  sheep  and 
horses.  The  specimens  sent  to  the  Academy 
of  Sciences  do  not  belong  to  any  species  found 
in  the  territory  of  the  local  flora.  The  whole 
matter  is  still  wrapt  in  a  mystery,  like  the  one 
connected  with  the  properties  of  Gastrolobium, 
a  leguminous  plant  in  Australia. 

13,    Vicia   L.        VETCH. 

Diadelphous.  Style  filiform;  apex  pilose. 
Leaves  paripinnate,  terminating  in  branched 
tendrils. 

1.  V.  GIG  ANTE  A  Hook.      Flowers   in  a   ra- 
ceme; leaflets  more  than  9  pairs;  corolla  pale- 
purple. — 2£.     Coast  Range.     Summer. 

2.  V.  AMERICANA  Muhl.      Flowers    in    ra- 
cemes; leaflets  less  than  9  pairs;  corolla  pur- 
ple.— It.     Common.     Summer. 

3.  V.  EXIGUA  Nutt.     Flowers  pedunculate, 
solitary,  rarely  2 ;  leaflets  less  than  5  pairs ;  co- 
rolla purple. — 0.     Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

4.  V.  SATIVA  L.      Flowers   almost    sessile; 
leaflets  more  than  4  pairs;  corolla  violet. — -0. 
Fields,  hedges.     Spring. 


Escaped  from  cultivation,  originally  Euro- 
pean. 

14,    Lathyrus  L.       WILD  PEA. 

Style  ventrally  flattened  toward  the  apex, 
concave,  pilose  along  the  inner  side.  Leaves 
paripiunate,  ending  in  branched  tendrils. — 71. 

1.  L.  VESTITUS  Nutt.     Leaves  cirrhate;   pe- 
duncles oo-flowered;  petals   rose-color,  chang- 
ing  before  withering  into  violet. — It-     Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

2.  L.  PALUSTEIS  L.    Leaves  cirrhate;  pedun- 
cles 2-6-flowered;  petals  purple. — Marin  Coun- 
ty.    Summer. 

2.  L.  LITTORALIS  Endl.  Leaves  not  cirr- 
hate; leaflets  1-3  pairs  and  a  small  terminal 
one;  vexillum  purple;  wings  and  carina  pale. 
Marin  County.  Summer. 

15,    Cercis  L. 

RED-BUD.     JUDAS-TREE. 

Stamens  not  diadelphous,  anterior  longer 
than  the  posterior  ones;  anthers  versatile. 
Petals  unguiculate,  those  forming  the  carina 
separate,  and  larger  than  the  rest.  Legume 
flat,  stipitate,  co-seeded;  ventral  suture 
winged. —  ^  .  Flowers  purple  in  axillary  fasci- 
cles. Leaves  simple,  appearing  after  the  flow- 
ers. 

1.     C.  OCCIDENTALS  Torr.     Petals'rose-color. 
Sunol.     Spring. 
12 


(266) 

ORDER  4.  DAPHNALES.  Petals  0.  Per- 
igonium  and  stamens  inserted  in  a  perigynous 
disc.  Stamens  2  or  its  multiple.  Carpidion 
1,  ovules  never  basilar.  Stipules  0. 

Family  1,    THYMELACE^, 

Perigonium  garnosepalous.  Ovary  1-celled, 
1-ovulate;  ovule  lateral,  attached  near  the 
apex;  style  lateral. 

1.     Dirca  L-        LEATHER  WOOD. 

Flowers  £  .  Perigonium  corolline,  campan- 
ulate;  limb  obliquely  truncate.  Stamens  8, 
the  alternate  ones  shorter.  Hypogynous  scales 
0.  Style  filiform,  subterminal.  Fruit  a  drupe. 
%. 

1.  D.  OCCIDENTALIS  Gray.  Perigonium 
greenish-yellow;  drupe  orange. — Contra  Costa 
hills.  Coast  Range.  Spring. 

Bark  acrid,  blistering  when  applied  to  the 
skin. 

Family  2.    LORANTHACE.E, 

Evergreen,  dichotomous,  parasitic  peren- 
nials. Branches  articulate.  Leaves  opposite; 
stipules  0.  Flowers  epigynous.  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  perigonium,  opposite  its  lobes 
and  of  the  same  number.  Ovary  1-celled,  1- 
ovuled.  Fruit  baccate.  Seed  often  containing 
several  embryos. 


(267) 

[  Affinities  doubtful,  perhaps  connecting  the 
Gymnosperm  families  of  Taxinece  and  Gnetacece 
to  the  Angiosperm  families  mentioned  here 
and  the  Proteacece.'] 

1.    Phoradendron  Nutt.       MISTLETOE. 
Flowers  diclinous;    $    and    ? ,    on  separate 
spikes.     Anthers    2  -  celled.     Stigma    sessile. 
Fruit  crowned  by  the  persistent  perigonium. 

1.  P.  FLAVESCENS  Nutt. —  ^.  Boss  Station. 
Spring. 

Parasite  on  oaks,  poplars,  etc. 

2.    Arceuthobium  Bieb.        PINE  MISTLETOE. 

Dioecious.  $  flowers  sessile.  Lobes  of  the 
perigonium  ovate,  spreading.  Anthers  sessile, 
inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  perigonium  lobes, 
1-celled,  transversely  dehiscent.  ?  flowers 
shortly  pedicillate,  compressed,  with  2-dentate 
limb.  Stigma  sessile.  Berry  transversely  de- 
hiscent at  the  base. 

1.  A.  OCCIDENTALE  Engelm. —  ^.  Contra 
Costa  mountains.  Autumn. 

Parasite  on  conifers. 

Series  4.     MONOCHLAMYDE^E. 

Flowers  incomplete.  Number  of  carpidia 
corresponding  to  number  of  floral  parts. 

ORDER  1.  SEEPENTAEI^.  Leafy  plants 
containing  chlorophyll,  as  distinguished  from 
the  other  order  of  the  series,  the  Rhizanthece, 


(268) 

which    are   parasitic    plants    without    chloro- 
phyll. 

Family  1,    ARISTOLOCHIE^E, 

Perigonium  gamosepalous.  Stamens  6,  or  a 
multiple.  Ovary  inferior,  6-celled. 

1.    Asamm  Tourn.        WILD  GINGER. 

Stamens  12,  free.  Perigonium  entirely 
epigynous;  limb  regular.  Rhizome  dichoto- 
mous. — U- 

1.     A.   CAUDATUM  Lindl.      Flower  dark -pur- 
ple.— Strawberry  Valley.    Tamalpais.   Spring. 
2,    Aristolochia  Tourn.        DUTCHMAN'S  PIPE. 

Stamens  6,  gynaudrous.  Limb  of  perigonium 
oblique,  irregularly  cleft. 

1.  A.  CALIFORNICA  Torr.  Flowers  greenish ; 
twining  creeper. — It-  Saucelito.  Ocean  lake. 
Boss  Station.  Spring. 

SERIES  5.  J  U  L I F  L  O  R  M.  Inflorescence 
dense;  flowers  apetalous.  Leaves  never  com- 
pound. 

ORDER  1.  Flowers  diclinous;  $  flowers 
amentaceous.  Fruit  1- seeded,  indehiscent. 
Stipules  deciduous. 

Family  1,    CUPULIFER^l, 

Epigynous.  Style  1;  stigmas  several.  Fruit 
a  nut  (akene),  the  base  of  which  is  surrounded 
by  a  cupula  or  a  persistent  involucre. 


(  269) 

1,    Quercus  L-       OAK. 

Monoecious.  Aments  slender.  $  perigo- 
nium  4-8-parted;  ?  ,  6-dentate;  style  short; 
stigmas  3.  Ovary  3-cellecl,  6-ovulate,  surround- 
ed by  a  scaly,  budlike  involucre,  which  in  fruit 
enlarges  into  a  cup. —  ^  . 

1.  2.   LOBATA  Nee.      3  :   aments  pendulous; 
abortive  ovules  at   the  base  of  the  developed 
seed;    acorns  maturing  the  first  year;    leaves 
deciduous;    branchlets  glabrous;   nut  conical. 
Common.     Spring. 

"White  oak."  "Boble."  Large,  stately 
tree. 

2.  Q.  DOTJGLASII  Hook.  &  Arn.      $  :  aments 
pendulous;  abortive  ovules  at  the  base  of  the 
developed  seed;  acorns  maturing  the  first  year; 
leaves  deciduous;    branchlets  pubescent;    nut 
oblong. — Niles.     Sonoma. 

"Blue  oak." 

3.  Q.  DUMOSA  Nutt.      $  :  aments  pendulous; 
abortive  ovules  at  the  base  of  the  developed 
seed;    acorns    maturing   the   first  year;  leaves 
persistent,  coriaceous;   nut  oval. — Tamalpais. 

4.  Q.  CHBYSOLEPIS  Liebm.     6  :  aments  pen- 
dulous; abortive  ovules  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face of  the  developed    seed;  acorns   biennial; 
leaves   persistent,    coriaceous;    nut    obtuse.— 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

Tall  tree,  frequently  called  live  oak. 


(  270  ) 

5.  Q.  AGRIFOLIA    Nee.      $  :   aments  pendu- 
lous; abortive  ovules  apical;    acorns  maturing 
the  first  year;  leaves  persistent,  coriaceous,  not 
reticulate;  nut  acute. — Common.     Spring. 

Tall  tree,  the  genuine  "live  oak"  of  the 
Californians. 

6.  Q.  WISLIZENI  DC.       $  :    aments   pendu- 
lous;  abortive  ovules  apical;  acorns  biennial; 
leaves  persistent,  coriaceous,  reticulate,  entire 
to  sinuately  lobed;   petioles  short;   nut  acute. 
Mies.     Spring. 

Stately  tree,  frequently  mistaken  for  "live 
oak." 

7.  Q.  KELLOGGII   Newb.      3  :    aments  pen- 
dulous; abortive  ovules  apical;  acorns  biennial; 
leaves    deciduous,     pinnatifid-lobed;    petioles 
long;    nut    obtuse. — Marin   County.     Spring. 
"Black  Oak." 

8.  Q.  DENSIFLOEA  Hook.    &   Arn.     Aments 
erect,    androgynous. —  Marin    County.     Santa 
Cruz  mountains.  Summer.   "Chestnut."  "Tan- 
ner's bark." 

2,    Castanopsis   Spach.       CHINQUAPIN. 

Monoecious,  Aments  slender,  panicled  on 
the  young  shoots.  $  perigonium  5-lobed; 
stamens  10.  ?  flowers  1-3,  in  a  scaly  invo- 
lucre, sessile  at  the  base  of  the  ament;  peri- 
gonium 6-lobed,  2-seriate;  fruit  1-3  nuts  en- 


(271) 

tirely  closed  in  a  prickly,  irregularly   ruptur- 
ing involucre. —  V . 

1.  C.  CHEYSOPHYLLA  A.  DC. — Tamalpais. 
Santa  Cruz  mountains.  Summer. 

In  Northern  California  a  tall  tree,  in  our  lo- 
cal flora,  a  shrub. 

3,    Corylus    Tourn.        HAZEL. 

Monoecious.  Aments  slender.  Scales  (bracts) 
imbricated.  <5  flowers  besides  the  scales  2- 
bracteolate.  Stamens  8;  anthers  1-celled. 
?  flowers  immersed  into  a  bud;  uppermost 
scales  containing  flowers,  the  rest  empty. 
Ovary  2-bracteolate,  crowned  by  a  minute  per- 
igonium,  2-celled;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  nut,  sur- 
rounded by  a  large  incised  involucre,  formed 
by  the  growth  of  the  two  bractlets. —  £  . 

1.     C.  ROSTJRATA  Ait. — Common.     Spring. 

Family  2,    BETULACEJE. 

ffypogynous.  $  ament :  bracts  shield-shap- 
ed, each  enclosing  3  flowers  with  minute  peri- 
gonium  and  four  stamens.  ?  aments :  bracts 
3-lobed,  each  enclosing  3  naked  flowers; 
ovary  2-celled;  cells  1-ovulate;  styles  0;  stig- 
mas 2.  Fruit  an  akene  (nutlet)  affixed  to  the 
lignescent  bract,  and  collected  into  a  strobi- 
laceous  inflorescence. 

1.    Alnus  Tonrn.        ALDER. 

Fruit  lignescent;  nutlets  attached  to  lignes- 
cent bracts  on  a  lignescent  axis. —  £  . 


(272) 

1.  A.  EUBRA    Bongard.     Nutlets  wi  nge  d, 
Contra  Costa  Mountains .     Spring. 

2.  A.  RHOMBIFOLIA  Nutt.  Nutlet  not  winged, 
but  having  a  thickened  margin. — Niles.    Santa 
Cruz  mountains.     Spring. 

Family  3,    MYRICACE^l, 

Flowers  diclinous,  amentaceous,  each  bract 
containing  a  single,  naked,  sessile  flower.  6 
aments  filiform;  ?  ovate.  Ovary  connate  with 
some  hypogynous  scales,  1-celled,  1-ovulate; 
style  very  short;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  nutlet; 
drupaceous  by  the  incrassate,  hypogynous 
bracts. 

1.    Myrica  L.        WAX-MYRTLE. 

Only  genus. —  "£  . 

1.  M.  CALIFOENICA  Cham.  —  Common. 
Spring. 

ORDEE  2.  UKTICALES.  Flowers  diclin- 
ous. Stamens  opposite  to  the  lobes  of  the 
perigonium.  Ovary  superior.  Fruit  1-seeded. 
Leaves  stipulate. 

Family  1.    PLATANE^l, 

Monoecious.  Flowers  naked,  capitulate  on 
globose  receptacles.  S  head:  stamens  co ,  ir- 
regularly mingled  with  scales.  ?  head:  ova- 
ries oo,  placed  irregularly  among  scales;  fruit 
a  coriaceous  nutlet.  Leaves  alternate,  pal- 
mately  lobed. 


(273) 

1.    Platanus  L.        SYCAMORE. 
Only  genus. —  £  . 
1.     P.  RACEMOSA   Nutt. — Common.     Spring. 

Family  2,    URTICACE^. 

<3  perigonium  4-lobed;  stamens  4;  fila- 
ments inflexed  in  aestivation;  anthers  introrse, 
2-celled;  ovary  rudimentary.  ?  perigonium 
2  to  4-lobed;  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovulate;  fruit 
an  akene,  sometimes  baccate  by  the  persistent 
and  succulent  perigonium.  Stipules  generally 
persistent. 

1.     Urtica  To  urn.        NETTLE. 

$    perigonium   regular  and   spreading.      ? 
perigonium  2-parted,   with  sessile,  penicillate 
stigma.     Herbs  covered  with  stinging  hairs. 

1.  U.  HOLOSERICEA  Nutt.    Inflorescence  uni- 
sexual; petioles  short,   stout. — 2f.     Common. 
Summer. 

2.  U.  LYALLII  Watson.     Inflorescence  uni- 
sexual;    petioles    long,    slender. — if.     Marin 
County.     Summer. 

3.  U.  URENS  L.    Inflorescence  androgynous. 
0 .     Cultivated  lands.     Spring. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

2.    Hesperocnide  Torr. 

$  perigonium  gamophyllous,  urceolate,  com- 
pressed, minutely  dentate.  —  0. 

12A 


(274) 

1.  H.  TENELLA  Torr. — San  Francisco.  Sau- 
celito.  Spring. 

Small  stinging  herb. 

Family  3,    POLYGONACE^, 

Perigonium  imbricate  in  aestivation.  Stamens 
definite,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  perigon- 
ium.  Ovary  superior,  originally  compound  of 

2  or  3  carpidia;  by  abortion  1 -celled,  1-ovulate; 
but  showing  the  2  or  3  styles  of   the  original 
carpidia.    Ovule  basilar.      Fruit   indehiscent. 
Stems  articulate.     Leaves  alternate,  sheathing. 

[  Affinities  of  this  family  not  yet  settled.  The 
articulate  stem  approaches  it  to  the  Piperacew. 
the  basilar  ovule  to  the  Chenopodiacece.^ 
1.     Rumex  L.        DOCK.     SHEEP-SORREL. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  2-seriate;  3  inner 
segments  larger  and  more  petaloid.  Stamens 
6,  in  pairs  opposite  the  outer  sepals.  Styles 

3  with  penicillate  stigmas.     Fruit  a  3-cornered 
akene  inclosed  in  the  3  inner  sepals,  forming 
a  spurious  capsule.     Flowers  racemose. 

1.  K.    SALICIFOLIUS  Weinm.      Calyx   valves 
entire  or  denticulate,  bearing  large  callosities; 
leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  not  undulate,  atten- 
uate   into    a    short    petiole. — 11-      Common. 
Spring. 

2.  R.  CETSPUS  L.     Calyx-valves  entire,  bear- 
ing  callosities;    leaves    lanceolate,    undulate, 
truncate  at  base. — 2£.      Common.     Spring. 


(275) 

"Yellow  dock."  Native  of  Europe,  now 
naturalized. 

3.  K.  CONGLOMERATE  Murray.  Calyx  valves 
entire,  bearing  callosities;    leaves   lanceolate, 
the  lower  leaves   cordate,    slightly  undulate. 
2£.     Common.     Spring. 

Also  called  "yellow  dock,'7  native  of  Europe, 
and  at  present  naturalized. 

4.  R   OBTUSIFOLIUS   L.     Calyx  valves  with 
slender  awn-like  teeth  and  bearing  callosities. 
1C  •     Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

7.  E.  ACETOSELLA  L.  Dioecious.  Yalves 
without  callosities;  leaves  hastate. — 11.  Com- 
mon. Spring.  "Sheep-sorrel." 

2,  Polygonum  L-  KNOT-GRASS. 
Perigonium  5,  sometimes  4-phyllous.  Sta- 
mens 3-8,  single  or  in  pairs  opposite  to  the 
sepals.  Styles  3,  sometimes  2;  stigmas  capi- 
tulate. Fruit  a  3-cornered  or  lenticular  akene, 
enclosed  in  the  persistent  perigonium. 

1.  P.  PARONYCHIA  Cham.  &  Schlecht.    Flow- 
ers in  leafy  spikes;  leaves  lanceolate,  with  re- 
volute  margins;  flowers  pale,  veined  with  green. 
1$. .     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  P.  AVICULARE  L.     Flowers  axillary,  pale. 
—  0.     Common.     Spring,     Summer. 

3.  P.  CALIFORNICUM  Meissn.     Flowers  spi-  - 
cate;  bracts  foliaceous,  each  bract  containing 


(276) 

a  single   sessile  flower;  leaves  linear;  flowers 
rose-color. — © .     Niles.     Spring. 

4.  P.   NODOSUM  Pers.     Flowers   spicate; 
bracts  scarious,  each  bract  protecting  a  fasci- 
cle; stamens  6;  styles  2,  included;  leaves  cune- 
ate  at  base;  flowers  pale. — 0.     Marine  Hos- 
pital.    Spring. 

5.  P.  MUHLENBEEGII  Watson.     Flowers  spi- 
cate; bracts  scarious,  each   bract  protecting  a 
a  fascicle;  stamens  5;  style  2-cleft,   exserted; 
leaves  cordate  at  base;  flowers  rose-color. — 2£. 
Marine  Hospital.     Spring. 

6.  P.  CONVOLVULUS  L.    Stem  twining;  leaves 
hastate;  flowers  pale. — 0.  Cultivated  grounds. 
Summer. 

Ballast  weed,  introduced  from  Europe. 
3,    Eriogonum  Michx. 

Involucre  co-flowered,  campanulate,  slightly 
angulate,  6-dentate.  Flowers  £  pedicillate, 
exserted,  seated  on  a  receptacle  with  scarious 
bracts.  Perigonium  6-parted,  2-seriate.  Sta- 
mens 9,  in  pairs  opposite  to  the  external  lobes; 
singly  to  the  internal  ones.  Styles  3;  stigmas 
capitate.  Fruit  a  3-angled,  rarely  a  lenticular, 
akene.  Peduncles  2-3-chotomous. 

1.  E.  ANGULOSUM  Benth.  Involucre  nerve- 
less, hemispherical ;  flowers  pale.— 0.  Niles. 
Spring. 


(277) 

2.  E.  LATIFOLIUM  Smith.  Involucres  5- 
6-nerved,  collected  into  a  glomerule ;  peduncles 
stout,  solid;  flowers  rose-color. — 2£.  Common. 
Summer. 

3.  E.  NUDUM  Dougl.  Involucres  5-6-nerved, 
collected  into  a  glomerule;  peduncles  slender, 
fistulose;    flowers    pale.- — 2£.     Coast   Range. 
Summer. 

4.  E.  TEUNCATUM  Torr.  &  Gray.     Involucre 
5  or  6-nerved,  solitary,  forming  a  cyme;  leaves 
rosulate,  mostly  radical;  flowers  rose-colored. 
0 .     Niles.     Spring. 

5.  E.  VIRGATUM    Bentli.     Involucre  5  or  6-- 
nerved, solitary,  forming  a  dichotomous  pani- 
cle; leaves  lanceolate;  bracts  shorter  than  the 
involucre;    flowers  pale.— 0.     Coast  Eange. 
Spring. 

6.  E.  VIMINEUM  Dougl.      Involucre  5  or  6- 
nerved,  solitary,  forming  a  dichotomous  pani_ 
cle;  leaves  orbicular;  flowers  pale. — 0.     Com_ 
mon.     Spring. 

7.  E.  GRACILE    Benth.     Involucre  5  or  6- 
nerved,  solitary,  forming  a  dichotomous  pani- 
cle; leaves  lanceolate;  bracts  longer  than  the 
involucres;  flowers   pale.  —  0.     Santa   Cruz 
mountains.     Spring. 

3.    Chorizanthe  R.  Br. 

Involucre  3-flowered,  tubular,  3-angular,  6- 
dentate,    mucronate   or   aristate.     Flowers  £ , 


(278) 

scarcely  exserted.  Perigonium  6-parted,  2-se- 
riate.  Stamens  typically  9,  in  pairs  opposite 
to  the  external  lobes;  singly  to  the  internal 
ones;  occasionally  by  abortion  6  or  3.  Styles 
3;  stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  a  3-angular  akene. 
Peduncles  dichotomous. 

1.  C.  MEMBRANACEA  Benth.     Stem  erect;  in- 
volucre   equally   6-cleft,    3-flowered,  only  one 
flower  developed;  leaves  scattered. — 0.    Niles. 
Spring. 

2.  C.  DOUGLASII    Benth.      Stem  erect;    in- 
volucre unequally  cleft,  1 -flowered;   leaves  ver- 
ticillate. — 0 .    Santa  Oruz  mountains.     Spring. 

3.  C.  PUNGENS    Benth.     Stem  procumbent; 
involucre  unequally  dentate,  teeth  alternately 
smaller;  leaves  mostly   opposite. — 0.     Presi- 
dio.    Spring. 

5    Lastarriaea  Remy. 

involucre  0.  Perigonium  coriaceous,  tubu- 
lar, 6-dentate,  the  dentations  uncinately  aris- 
tate;  stamens  3,  inserted  on  the  throat.  Fruit 
a  3-angled  akene. — 0.  Diffusely  branched. 

1.     L.  CHILENSIS  Eemy. — Common.  Spring. 

6,    Pterostegia  Fisch.  &  Mey. 
Involucre  a  single  2-lobed  bract,  subtending 
a  single  $  flower.     Perigonium  6-parted,  per- 
sistent.    Stamens   6    (rarely  fewer).      Fruit  a 
3-angular  akene,  loosely  enveloped  by  the  en- 


(279) 

larged   involucre.     Prostrate,  diffusely  dicho- 
tomous;  leaves  opposite.  —  0 . 

1.  P.  DRYMARIOIDES  Fisch  &  Mey.  Com- 
mon.  Spring. 

ORDER  3.  PIPEEALES.  Flowers  sessile,  in 
dense  spikes  or  racemes,  bracteate,  without 
perigonium.  Stem  articulate. 

Family  1,    SAURURE.E. 

Ovary  central,  compound  of  several  follicu- 
larcarpidia;  stigmas  several. 

1.    Anemopsis  Nutt.        YEKBA  MANSA. 

Flowers  in  a  dense,  conical  spadix,  with  a 
several-leaved,  persistent,  colored  involucre; 
each  flower  subtended  by  a  colored  bract.  Sta- 
mens adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ovary 
immersed  into  a  rachis,  1-celled,  with  parietal 
placentae.  Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  from  the 
apex.  Leaves  mostly  radical. — If. 

1.  A.  CALIFORNICA  Hook.  Bracts  and  in- 
volucre white. — San  Pablo  marshes.  Summer. 

Herb  and  root-stock  aromatic. 

Family  2.    CERATOPHYLLEJE, 

Monoecious.    Involucre  12-cleft;  lobes  linear, 
truncate.       $  flowers :  anthers    oo,   sessile.      $ 
flowers:  ovary  1-celled,  1-ovulate;  style  termi- 
nal;  fruit  a  nutlet,   with  persistent  style  and 
involucre.      If.     Submersed  aquatics;  stem  ar- 


(280) 

ticulate;    leaves    verticillate,   sessile,   dichoto- 
mous. 

Affinities  doubtful.  Further  investigations 
even  may  remove  them  altogether  from  the 
Angiosperms  and  place  them  near  the  Gneta- 
cece,  together  with  the  Podostcmonece. 

1.    Ceratophyllum  L- 
Only  genus  of  the  family. 
1.     C.  DEMEESUM  L.     Common  aquatic. 

DIYISION  2.     MONOCOTYLEDONES. 
SERIES  1.     COKOLLIFLOB.E. 

Perigonium  2x3  parted.  Ovary  3  carpidia, 
syncarpous  in  different  degrees. 

ORDER  1.     GYNANDK^E. 
Family  1,    ORCHIDEJE, 

Placentae  parietal. 

1.     Epipactis  Haller. 

Anther  1,  persistent,  not  connate  with  the 
column;  pollinia  2,  attached  to  the  common 
gland.  Perigonium  spreading;  labellum  geni- 
culate,  inferior  part  concave.  Ovary  contorted 
only  at  base;  column  short,  terete. — 2£  Cau- 
lescent, flowers  in  a  loose,  few-flowered  raceme. 

1.  E,  GIGANTEA  Dougl.  Sepals  brownish- 
green,  labellum  white,  dotted. — San  Francisco 
[extinct].  Camp  Taylor.  Summer. 


(281) 

2,    Spiranthes  Richard         LADIES'  TUE&SES. 

Anther  1,  persistent,  not  connate  with  the 
column;  pollinia  2,  attached  to  the  common 
gland.  Perigoniuni  oblique  ;  labellum  en- 
closed, canaliculate,  embracing  with  its  base 
the  short  column. — 2£.  Flowers  forming  a 
spiral  spike. 

1.  S.  ROMANZOFFIANA  Cham.     Callosities   of 
the   lip   smooth,    obscure;    flowers    greenish- 
white. — Presidio.     Marin  County.     Autumn. 

2.  S.  PORRIFOLIA  Lindl.     Callosities  of   the 
lip   prominent,    pointing    downward ;    flowers 
greenish-white. — Marin  County.     Autumn. 

3,    Habenaria  Willd. 

Anther  1,  persistent,  entirely  connate  witli 
the  column;  pollinia  2,  divergent  at  the  lower 
end.  Perigonium  ringent,  galeate  ;  lip  elon- 
gate, spreading,  calcarate.  Column  short.— 
2£ .  Caulescent. 

1.  H.  ELEGANS  Bolander.     Sepals  1-nerved; 
flowers   green.  —  Oakland   hills.     San  Mateo. 
San  Francisco  [extinct].     Summer. 

2.  H,  LEUC o  STACK  YS  Watson.     Sepals 
3-nerved  ;     flowers   white.  —  Saucelito.      San 
Francisco  [extinct].     Summer. 

4,    Corallorhiza  Haller!       CORAL-ROOT. 

Anther  1,  terminal,  caducous,  not  adnate  to 
to  the  column;  pollinia  4,  globose.  Perigonium 


(  282  ) 

ringent.  Lip  adnate  to  the  column,  serrate  at 
base,  3-lobed;  lateral  lobes  very  small.  Col- 
umn semi-terete. — 11.  Aphyllous  and  without 
chlorophyll;  flowers  in  spikes. 

1.  C.  MULTIFLOBA  Nutt.    Flowers  calcarate; 
sepals  greenish;  lip  white,  dotted  with  red.— 
Crystal  Springs.     San  Mateo.     San  Francisco 
[extinct].     Summer. 

2.  C.   BIGELOVII    Watson.     Spur   0,  sepals 
purple. — Tamalpais.     Summer. 

5.     Cypripedium  L.        LADY'S   SLIPPER. 

Anthers  2.  Lip  inflated. — 2£.  Flowers  few 
or  solitary. 

1.  C.  MONTANUM  Dougl.  Sepals  brownish; 
lip  pale,  veined  with  purple. — Santa  Cruz 
Mountains.  Summer. 

ORDER  2.  EPIGYN^.  Stamens  free,  3  or  6. 
Ovary  inferior. 

Family  1.    IRIDACE^, 

Stamens  3,  opposite  to  the  external  segments 
of  the  perigonium;  anthers  extrorse. 

1.    Sisyrinchium  L-        BLUE-EYED  GRASS. 

Divisions  of  the  perigonium  equal.  Sta- 
mens monadelphous.  Style  short;  stigmas  3, 
filiform,  involute,  alternate  with  the  stamens. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  obovate. 


(  283  ) 

1.  S.  BELLUM  Watson.    Filaments  united  to 
the  top;  flowers  blue  with  yellow  center. — 1£. 
Common.     Summer. 

2.  S.  CALIFORNICUS  Ait.     Filaments  united 
only  at  the  base;  flowers  yellow. — 2£.     Colma. 
Saucelito.     Summer. 

2,    IrisL. 

Perigonium  tubular  at  the  base;  segments 
equal,  but  differing  in  shape;  the  3  external 
reflexed;  the  3  internal  erect.  Stigrna  3-parted, 
petaloid. — U- 

1.  I.  MACROSIPHON  Torr.     Tube  of  the  peri- 
gonium    elongated,    cylindrical;    stem     leafy; 
capsule  ovoid,  acute  at  each  end;  flowers  varia- 
ble in  color,  but  most  frequently  lilac-purple. 
Marin  County.     Spring. 

2.  I.  DOUGLASIANA  Herbert.     Tube    of    the 
perigonium  elongated,  cylindrical;  stem  leafy; 
.capsule  oblong,  3-gonal;  flowers  pale  lilac,  ex- 
ternal  sepals   with   white   center,    lined   with 
purple. — Common.     Spring. 

3.  I.  LONGIPETALA   Herbert.     Tube   of    the 
perigonium  short  and  funnel-shaped;  stems  al- 
most   naked;    flowers    lilac,    external     sepals 
white,    veined    with    violet;    midrib     yellow. 
Common.     Spring. 

ORDER  3.  COBONARiaS.  Perigonium  6- 
parted  in  different  degrees.  Stamens  3  or  6. 
Ovary  superior. 


(284) 

Family  1,    SMILACE-2E. 

Anthers  not  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled,  with 
central  placenta.  Fruit  a  berry.  Testa  of  the 
seed  not  crustaceous. 

1.    Smilacina   Desf.        FALSE  SOLOMON  s  SEAL. 

Divisions  of  the  perigoniurn  equal.  Sta- 
mens inserted  at  the  base  of  the  segments. 
Cells  of  the  ovary  2-ovulate;  cells  of  the  ripe 
fruit  1-seeded.  —  It.  Leaves  sessile  and  am- 
plexicaul. 

"1.  S.  AMPLEXICAULIS  Nutt.  Flowers  green- 
ish-white, panicled;  stamens  exceeding  the 
perigonium;  berry  red. — Common.  Spring. 

2.  S.  SESSILIPOLIA  Nutt.  Flowers  in  a  sim- 
ple raceme,  white;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
perigonium;  berry  dark. — Common.  Spring. 

2,    Maianthenium   Mcench. 

Perigonium  4-parted.  Stamens  4. — U- 
Leaves  petiolate. 

1.  M,  BIFOLIUM  DC.  Flowers  white;  berry 
red. — Saucelito.  Spring. 

3,    Prosartes  Don. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  campanulate;  seg- 
ments saccate  at  base.  Stamens  6,  attached  at 
the  base  of  the  sepals,  and  deciduous  with 
them.  Anthers  adnate,  dehiscing  laterally. 
Ovary  3-celled;  cells  2-ovulate;  style  decidu- 


(  285  )   . 

ous.     Cells    of    the    berry    1-2-seeded.  —  It . 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile,  amplexicaul. 

1.  P.  MENZIESII  Don.     Perigonium  gibbous 
at  base,  its  sepals  almost  erect;  flowers  green; 
berry  red. — Lagunitas  Creek.     Spring. 

2.  P.    HOOKERI  Torr.     Perigonium  narrow 
at  base,  its   sepals   spreading   above;   flowers 
green;  berry  red. — Common.     Spring. 

3,    Trillium  L-        WAKE-KOBIN. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous;  3  external  sepals 
herbaceous,  persistent;  3  internal  petaloid, 
marcescent.  Stamens  6;  anthers  linear,  lateral; 
connective  broad.  Ovary  3-celled,  oo-ovulate; 
styles  3.  .Berry  oo-seeded. — 2£.'  Leaves  3, 
verticillate;  nervation  reticulate. 

1.  T.  SESSILE   L.     Flowers   sessile;   corolla 
variable;  berry  red. — Common.     Spring. 

Hhizome,  and  probably  also  berry,  an  acrid 
poison. 

2.  T.  OVATUM    Pursh.       Flowers   peduncu- 
late,   white,   gradually  turning   red. — Tamal- 
pais.     Camp  Taylor.     Spring.     Poisonous. 

Family  2,    LILIACE.3E. 

Anthers  not  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled.  Testa 
of  the  seed  crustaceous. 

1,    Clintonia  Kaf. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous.  campanulate,  decid- 
uous. Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 


.     (  286  ) 

sepals;  anthers  versatile.  Style  slender,  decid- 
uous. Fruit  a  berry. — It.  Flowers  on  a 
scape. 

1.  0.  ANDBEWSIANA  Torr.  Flowers  scarlet; 
berry  blue. — Los  Gatos.  Lagunitas  Creek. 
Summer. 

2-    Chlorogalum  Kunth.       SOAP-BOOT. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous;  sepals  linear,  persis- 
tent, marcescent.  Stamens  6,  adnate  to  the 
base  of  the  sepals;  anthers  versatile.  Cells  of 
the  ovary  2-ovulate;  style  filiform,  deciduous. 
Fruit  a  membranaceous,  3-lobed,  loculicidal 
capsule.  —  It.  Bulbous;  inflorescence  race- 
mose, paniculate. 

1.  C.  POMERIDIANUM  Kunth.  Flowers  white. 
Common.  Summer. 

In  former  times  used  in  washing  linen.  Old 
settlers  consider  it  beneficial  to  the  growth  of 
the  hair,  like  the  bark  of  the  Chilean  Eosa- 
c£ous  tree  ' '  Quillaja." 

3,    Allium  L.       ONION. 

Perigonium  persistent.  Stamens  6,  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  segments;  filaments  naked 
with  dilated  base ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  3- 
lobed;  cells  2-ovulate;  style  filiform,  persis- 
tent; stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  cap- 
sule.—  It;  bulbous;  scapigerous;  inflorescence 
umbellate. 


(287) 

1.  A.  UNIFOLIUM    Kellogg.     Capsule   not 
crested;  leaves  linear,  flat;  flowers  rose-color. 
Tamalpais.     Berkeley.     Summer. 

2.  A.  ATTENUIFOLIUM  Kellogg.     Capsule  6- 
crested;  leaves  convolute,  filiform;  perigonium 
at   last   thin  and   lax;   flowers    pale. — Colrna- 
Marin  County.     Summer. 

3.  A.  SERBATUM  Watson.  Capsule  6-crested, 
crests  narrow,  central;  perigonium  fleshy, rigid; 
flowers   rose-color.  —  Colma.     Lake    Chabot. 
Summer, 

4.  A.  LACUNOSUM  Watson.     Capsule  bearing 
toward   the   summit   6    obtuse   ridges.     Peri- 
gonium fleshy,   rigid;  flowers  rose-color. — Al- 
ma.    Summer. 

4.    Cyanotris  Kaf. 

(Camassia  Lindl.)        CAMASS. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  persistent;  5  supe- 
rior sepals  ascending;  inferior  one  deflexed. 
Filaments  filiform,  ascending;  anthers  versa- 
tile. Ovary  ovate,  3-celled;  cells  oo-ovulate; 
style  filiform,  declinate;  stigma  slightly  3-cleft. 
Fruit  a  loculicidal,  3-angulate  capsule;  cells 
oo-seeded. — 1£.  Bulbous;  scapigerous;  flow- 
ers in  a  simple  raceme. 

1.  C.  ESCULENTA  Lindl.  Flowers  of  differ- 
ent shades  of  blue. — Marin  County.  Summer. 

The  bulb  has  a  taste  like  garlic,  and  is  eaten 
bv  the  Indians. 


(288) 

5,  Brodiaea  Smith. 

Perigoniura  funnel-shaped,  angulate,  persis- 
tent. Stamens  3,  alternating  with  as  many 
staminodia.  Hypogynous  disc  3-lobed.  Ovules 
oo.  Style  persistent;  stigma  3-lobed.  Cap- 
sule loculicidal. —  2£.  Scapigerous;  umbellate. 

1.  B.  GEANDIFLOEA    Smith.     Leaves    about 
equaling   the   scape;   cells  of   the   ovary   6-8- 
seeded;   flowers  purple   to   rose-color. — Com- 
mon.    Summer. 

2.  B.  MINOE  Watson.     Cells  of  the  ovary  3- 
seeded;  flowers  purple. — Marin  County.     Sum- 
mer. 

3.  B.  TEEEESTEIS  Kellogg.     Leaves  consid- 
erably longer  than  the  short  scape ;  cells  of  the 
ovary    6-8-seeded;    flowers    purple. — Crystal 
Springs.     Summer. 

4.  B.   CONGESTA  Smith.     Flowers    subcapi- 
tate;  segments   of     perigonium   twice    longer 
than    the    tube;    flowers    purple. — Common. 
Summer. 

6,  Triteleia  Hook. 

Perigonium  salver-shaped,  persistent.     Fer- 
tile stamens  6;  filaments  short,  3  inserted  on 
the   throat,  and  3    half   way   down   the   tube. 
Ovary  stipitate;  ovules  GO.     Capsule  loculici- 
dal.—  It.     Scapigerous  umbellate;  capitate. 

1.  T.  CAPITATA  Benth.  Stamens  in  2  rows; 
flowers  subcapitate;  segments  of  perigonium 


(289) 

little  longer  than  the  tube;  flower  blue,  vary- 
ing from  purple  to  white. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

2.  T.    LAXA   Watson.     Stamens  in  2  rows; 
flowers  umbellate;  tube  of  perigonium  exceed- 
ing the  lobes;  flowers  blue. — Common.     Sum- 
mer. 

3.  T.    PEDUNCULARIS  Watson.      Stamens  in 
2  rows;  flowers  umbellate;  lobes  of  perigonium 
exceeding  the  tube;  flowers  purple,  sometimes 
white. — Tiburon.     Summer. 

4.  T.  IXIOIDES  Watson.     Stamens  almost  in 
a  simple  row,  inner  filaments  exceeding  the  3 
outer  ones;  flowers  yellow,  marked  with  pur- 
ple.— San  Rafael.     Summer. 

5.  A.  LACTEA  Watson.     Stamens  almost  in 
a  simple  row;   all   six  filaments  alike;  flowers 
pale  with  green   nerve. — Common.     Summer. 

7.    Muilla   Watson. 

Perigonium  subrotate,  persistent.  Stamens 
6,  inserted  near  the  base;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  sessile,  oo-ovulate;  style  persistent,  cla- 
vate,  at  length  splitting.  Capsule  globose, 
loculicidal. — 1£.  Scapigerous;  umbellate. 

1.     M.  MAEITIMA  Watson.    Sepals  white  with 
2  green  nerves. — Common.     Summer. 
8,    I  ilium   L.       LILY. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous;  sepals  equal,  spread- 
ing with  a  nectariferous  groove  near  the  base, 
13 


(  290  ) 

deciduous.  Ovary  oo-ovulate;  style  undivided; 
stigma  3-angular. — 2£ .  Bulbous.  Pedicels 
bractless. 

1.  L .  PABDALINUM  Kellogg,  Flowers  orange- 
color,  with  purple  dots. — Marin  County.  Con- 
tra Costa.  Summer. 

9,    Fritillaria  L. 

Perigonium  deciduous;  6-sepalous,  campanu- 
late,  with  a  smooth  nectariferous  pit  near  the 
base  of  each  sepal.  Ovary  oo-ovulate;  style  3- 
parted. — 1C.  Bulbous.  Flowers  bracteate. 

1.  F.  LILIACEA  Lindl.     Leaves   in  a  single 
whorl  near  the  base  of  the  stem;  capsule  stipi- 
tate,    with    obtuse    angles;    flowers    greenish- 
white. — South  San  Francisco.     Mission  Hills. 
Lake  Chabot.     Summer. 

2.  F.     LANCEOLATA  Pursh.     Leaves  in  1  to 
3  whorls  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem ;  flowers 
dark  purple,  mottled  with  yellow. — Common. 
Summer. 

Bulb  of  this  species  probably  poisonous, 
like  that  of  its  European  congener  F.  Melea- 
gris. 

10.     Calochortus  Pursh.        MAEIPOSA. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  deciduous;  3  external 
sepals  smaller  and  lanceolate;  3  internal, broad, 
with  a  conspicuous  nectariferous  gland  near 
the  base.  Ovary  oo-ovulate;  style  0;  stigmas 
3,  reflexed,  persistent. — 1C.  Bulbous. 


(291) 

1.  C.  ALBUS  Dougl.     Flowers   subglobose, 
nodding;  glandular  pit  of  sepals  shallow;  with  4 
transverse  scales;  flowers  white. — San  Mateo. 
Marin  County.     Summer. 

2.  PULCHELLUS  Dougl.    Flowers  subglobose, 
nodding;  glandular  pit  of  sepals  deep  and  cov- 
ered by  stiff  appressed   hairs;  flowers  yelloAV. 
Napa.     Summer. 

3.  C.  LILACINUS  Kellogg.  Flowers  pale-lilac; 
erect;    pedicels    slender,     recurved    in    fruit. 
Oakland  Resorvoir.     Lagunitas.     Summer. 

4.  C.  LUTEUS  Dougl.     Flowers  and  capsules 
erect  on  stout  pedicels;  glands  of  the  sepals 
rounded  and  about  as  broad  as  the  claw;  color 
of   inner    sepals    variable    (yellow,    white    or 
lilac)  marked  with   purple. — Common.     Sum- 
mer. 

5.  C.  VENUSTUS  Benth.     Flowers   and   cap- 
sules erect  on  stout  pedicels;  gland  of  the  inner 
sepals  much  narrower  than  the  claw;  color  of 
inner  sepals  white  or  lilac,  with  a  reddish  spot 
near  the  top,  and  a  purple  spot  bordered  with 
yellow. — Contra  Costa  Range.     Summer. 

Family  3.    MELANTHACE.E, 

Anthers  extrorse.  Ovary  3-celled;  styles  3. 
Capsule  septicidal.  Testa  of  the  seeds  not  crus- 
taceous. 


(292) 

1.     ScoliopUS    Torr. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  spreading,  decidu- 
ous; 3  external  sepals  lanceolate;  3  internal 
linear.  Stamens  3,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
external  sepals;  anthers  2-celled,  attached  above 
the  base.  Ovary  3-quetrous,  1-celled,  with  3 
parietal  placentae;  ovules  2-seriate  on  each; 
styles  3,  linear,  persistent,  recurved,  canalicu- 
late. Capsule  irregularly  d  e  h  i  sc  e  n  t.  —  K . 
Leaves  2.  Peduncles  long,  1 -flowered,  ar- 
ranged in  an  umbel. 

1.  S.  BIGELOVII  Torr.  Outer  sepals  dark 
purple,  inner  sepals  pale,  lined  with  purple. 
Saucelito.  Tamalpais.  Spring. 

2,  Zygadenus  Michx.  ZYGADENE. 
Perigonium  6-sepalous;  sepals  unguiculate, 
2-glandular  at  the  base,  persistent;  stamens  6, 
inserted  on  the  claw,  anthers  reniform.  Ovary 
3-celled,  oo-ovulate,  styles  3,  divergent;  cap- 
sule septicidal. —  !£.  Bulbous.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late. Inflorescence  racemose. 

1.  Z.  FREMONTII  Torr.     Outer  sepals  ungui- 
culate;  flowers  greenish-white. — Marin  County. 
Crystal  Springs.     Spring. 

Has  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous. 

2.  Z.  VENENOSUS  Watson.    All  sepals  ungui- 
culate;   flowers    greenish-white. — Common. 
Spring. 


(293) 

Has  the  reputation  of  being  poisonous,  but 
is  certainly  not  so  to  hogs,  who  devour  its 
bulbs  greedily  and  without  any  injury  to  them- 
selves. 

3,    Xerophyllum  Rich. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous;  sepals  sessile,  per- 
sistent; 3  internal  ones  smaller.  Stamens  in- 
serted on  the  base  of  sepals;  anthers  laterally 
dehiscent.  Ovary  3-celled;  cells  few-ovulate; 
styles  3,  recurved,  persistent.  Capsule  septici- 
clal.  —  2£.  Hhizomatous.  Leaves  linear,  elon- 
gate. Inflorescence  racemose. 

1.  X.  TENAX  Nutt.  Flowers  white. --Tamal- 
pais.  Wright's  Station.  Spring. 

This  plant  is  remarkable  by  its  flowering 
plentifully  at  certain  years  and  then  disappear- 
ing altogether  for  a  long  period.  This  circum- 
stance is  probably  owing  to  the  fact  that  the 
plant  requires  a  fixed  age  before  flowering  and 
then  dies  after  having  ripened  its  seeds.  We 
find  the  same  peculiarity  in  many  species  of 
Bamboo,  in  some  palms,  viz. :  Corypha,  and  in 
Agave,  all  of  which  plants  are  annuals  in  a 
botanical  sense,  but  require  a  number  of  years 
to  complete  their  biological  cycle. 

Family  4,    JUNCACE^l, 

Perigonium  glumaceous.     Anthers  basifixed. 


(291) 

1,    Juncus  L-       BOG-RUSH. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous;  3  external  sepals 
carinate.  Ovary  3-celled;  cells  oo-ovulate. 
Capsule  3-valved,  with  central  placentae,  oo- 
seeded.  Mostly  aquatics. 

1.  J.  KOBUSTUS  Watson.     Stem  naked.     In- 
florescence   lateral;     flowers    of    the    panicle 
branches  clustered;  leaves  terete  and  pungent. 
It.     Santa  Clara.     Summer. 

2.  J.  LESEURII  Bolander.      Stem  naked,  te- 
rete; inflorescence  lateral;  flowers  of  the  com- 
pound  panicle  branches    solitary;     leaves    0; 
capsule  oblong,  acute,  but  not   rostrate. — 2£. 
Presidio.     Summer. 

3.  J.  BALTICUS  Dethard.      Stem  naked,  te- 
rete; inflorescence  lateral;  flowers  of  the  com- 
pound   panicle    branches   solitary;    leaves   0; 
capsule  oblong,  rostrate. — Common.    Summer. 

4.  J.  COMPRESSUS     HBK.     Stem     naked, 
somewhat  flattened;  inflorescence  lateral;  flow- 
ers of  the  loosely  few-flowered  panicle  solitary; 
leaves   terete,   sometimes   0;    capsule   oblong. 
l{. .     Santa  Clara.     Summer. 

5.  J.   BREWERI  Engelmann.     Stem    naked, 
somewhat  flattened;  inflorescence  lateral;  flow- 
ers of  the  small,  but  dense  panicle,  solitary  on 
their  branches;  leaves  0;  capsule  oblong. — 2£. 
Santa  Cruz.     Summer. 


(295) 

6.  J.  EFFUSUS   L.     Stem    naked;    inflores- 
cence lateral ;  flowers  of  the  panicle  solitary  on 
their  branches,  triandrous;  leaves  0:    capsule 
clavate  obtuse.  —  2_£.     Presidio.     Summer. 

7.  J.  PATENS  Meyer.     Stem  naked;  inflores- 
cence lateral ;  flowers  on  panicle  branches  sol- 
itary, hexandrous;  leaves  0;  capsule  subgiobose. 
It.    Common.     Summer. 

8.  J.  BUFONIUS  L.     Stem   leafy,   branched; 
inflorescence  terminal;  flowers  remote,  hexand- 
rous.— 0.     Common.     Summer. 

9.  J.    KELLOGGI  Engelmann.     Stem  leafy, 
branched;  inflorescence  terminal;  peduncles  1 
or   2-flowered;    flowers   triandrous. — 0.     San 
Francisco.     Spring. 

10.  J.  TENUIS  Willd.     Stem  naked,  simple; 
inflorescence  terminal,  a  diffuse  cyme  of  soli- 
tary flowers. — It-     Lake  Chabot.     Summer. 

11.  J.  FALCATUS  Meyer.     Stem  leafy;  leaves 
sheathing, flat. — It .  Lone  Mountain.  San  Fran- 
cisco.    Summer. 

12.  J.  XIPHIOIDES  Meyer.     Stems  leafy,  an- 
cipital;  leaves  equitant,  laterally  compressed; 
flowers  capitate;  heads  paniculate;  anthers  ex- 
ceeding the  filaments. — It-  Coast  Range.  Sum- 
mer. 

13.  J.  PH^OCEPHALUS  Engelm.     Stem  leafy, 
ancipital;  leaves  equitant,  laterally  compressed; 
flowers  capitate;  heads  paniculate;  anthers  ex- 


(296) 

ceeding  the  filaments. — It-     Coast  Range. 
Crystal  Springs.     Summer. 

2,    Luzula   DC.       WOOD-KUSH. 

Perigonium  6-sepalous,  all  the  segments  flat. 
Ovary  1-celled,  3-ovulate.  Capsule  3-valved, 
3-seeded. — 1C- 

1.     L.   COMOSA    Meyer.     Common.     Spring. 

SERIES  2.  MICEANTH^E.  Flowers  incon- 
spicuous. Inflorescence  oo-flowered. 

ORDER  1.  GLUMACE^E.  Flowers  in  the 
axils  of  bracts,  and  arranged  in  spikelets. 
Spathes  0.  Perigonium  depauperate.  Ovary 
1-celled,  1-seeded.  Fruit  a  caryopsis,  with  en- 
dosperm. 

Family  1,    GRAMINE^E, 

Stem  articulate.  Leaves  distichous,  alter- 
nate, sheathing,  with  ligule  (stipule)  at  base. 
Flowers  protected  by  an  anterior  and  a  poste- 
rior bractlet  (palet).  Spikelet  generally  pro- 
tected by  one  or  two  bracts  (glumes).  Stamens 
usually  3.  Pistils  2. 

1.    Panicum  ^-       PANIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered;  upper  one  £,  lower  re- 
duced to  a  single  palet.  Glumes  unequal,  the 
lower  smaller.  Leaves  flattened. 

1.  P.  SANGUINALE  L.  Spikelets  in  pairs; 
one  sessile,  the  other  pedicillate;  crowded  on 


(  297  ) 

one    side  of    the    simple   flattened    branches, 
which  are  digitately  clustered  at  the  top  of  the 
culm. — 0.     Common.     Summer. 
Probably  introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  P.  AGEOSTOIDES   Spreng.     Spikelets  dis- 
posed in  panicles;  panicle  elongated,  racemose. 
2£ .     San  Jose.     Summer. 

3.  P.    CAPILLAEE    L.      Panicle   diffuse   and 
spreading;     spikelets   scattered,    disposed    in 
panicles    and    pointed. — 0.      San   Francisco. 
Summer. 

4.  P.  DICHOTOMUM  L.     Panicle   diffuse   and 
spreading.     Spikelets   scattered,    disposed    in 
panicles   and    obtuse.  —  0.      Marin    County. 
Summer. 

5.  P.  CEUSGALLI  L.     Spikelets   crowded  on 
the  secund,  spikelike  branches  of  the  panicle. 
0.     Common.     Summer. 

Introduced  from  Europe. 

2,    Phleum  L-        TIMOTHY. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  8  .  Glumes  2;  aristate; 
the  upper  palet  sometimes  bearing  at  its  base 
the  rudiment  of  a  second  flower.  Leaves  flat- 
tened. Panicles  spikelike. 

1.  P.  PEATENSE  L.     Awn    shorter   than   its 
glume. — 11.      Common.     Summer.     Native  of 
Europe. 

2.  P.  ALPINUM  L.     Awn  about  as  long  as  its 
glume. — 1C-     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

ISA 


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3,    Alopecurus  L.        FOXTAIL. 

Spikelet  1 -flowered,  £  .  Glumes  2,  navicu- 
lar,  connate  at  their  base;  lower  palet  carinate; 
upper  wanting. — 2£:  Leaves  flattened.  Pani- 
cles spikelike. 

1.  A.  FBATENSIS  L.     Culm  erect. — Niles. 
Summer. 

2.  A.  GENICULATUS  L.     Culm    procumbent, 
ascending  from  the  lower  nodes. — Marin  Coun- 
ty.    Summer. 

4,    Beckmannia  Host.       CATERPILLAR  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1  or  2-flowered.  Flowers  $  ,  sessile. 
Glumes  2,  navicular;  lower  palet  ovate,  3- 
nerved,  embracing  the  upper  2-cleft,  2-nerved, 
one. —  1£.  Leaves  flattened.  Spike  sessile; 
spikelets  alternate,  sessile,  1-sided,  2-seriate. 

1.  B.  EEUC^FOBMIS  Host. — Marin  County. 
Summer. 

5,    Phalaris  L-       CANARY  GRASS. 

Spikelets  3 -flowered,  upper  3  ,  2  lower  neu- 
tral, depauperate.  Glumes  2,  carinate.  Palets 
2,  navicular;  the  lower  larger  and  embracing 
the  upper.  Spikelets  pedicillate.  Leaves  flat- 
tened. 

1.  P.  CANAEIENSIS  L.  Panicle  dense  and 
spikelike;  glumes  broad  with  a  broad  keel. — 0 . 
Common  near  houses.  Spring. 


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"Canary  grass."  Native  of  the  Mediterranean 
region;  used  as  bird's  food  and  probably  es- 
caped with  the  rubbish  of  birds'  cages. 

2.  P.  INTERMEDIA  Bosq.     Panicle  dense  and 
spike-like;  glumes  pointed  with  a  broad  keel. 
0 .     Common.     Spring. 

3.  P.  AMETHYSTINA  Trin.  Panicle  dense  and 
spike-like;   glumes  with   a   narrow   keel. — 1C  • 
Contra  Costa  hills.     Summer. 

4.  P.  ARUNDINACLE    L.      Panicle   branched; 
glumes  not  all  carinate, pointed,  3-nerved. —  2£. 
Niles.     Summer. 

6.     Hierochloa  Gmelin.        HOLY  GRASS. 

Spikelets3-flowered;  flowers  sessile.  Glumes 
equal,  carinate.  Upper  flower  S  ;  lower  palet 
carinate;  upper  1-nerved.  2  lower  flowers  6  ; 
lower  palet  carinate,  upper  2-carinate.  — 1£. 
Spikelets  pedicillate.  Leaves  flattened. 

1.  H.  MACROPHYLLA  Thurb. — Tamalpais. 
Summer. 

Fragrant  grass,  perhaps  containing  cumarine 
like  our  Galium  triftorum  and  the  European 
Asperula  odorata  (Waldmeister). 

7.    Anthoxanthum  L-        SWEET  VERNAL-GKASS. 
Spikelets  3-flowered.     Glumes   2,  carinate; 
lower  glume  shorter,  1-nerved;  upper  3-nerved. 
Upper  flower  $  ,  with  2  navicular  palets  with- 
out awns;  lower  palet  wrapt  round  the  upper. 


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Stamens  2.  Lower  2  flowers  neutral,  with  a 
single,  aristate,  canaliculate  palet. — 2£.  Leaves 
flattened.  Panicle  contracted. 

1.  A.  ODOKATUM  L. — Marin  County.  Sum- 
mer. 

Fragrant  grass,  probably  introduced  from 
Europe. 

8,    Polypogon  Desf.        BEARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  carinate, 
aristate,  much  longer  than  the  flower.  Palets 
2,  upper  2-carinate,  lower  truncate  at  the  apex. 
Leaves  flattened. 

1.  P.  MONSPELIENSIS  Desf .  Glumes  notched, 
their  awns  2  or  3  times  their  own  length. — 0. 
Coast  Kange.     Spring. 

2.  P.  LITTOEALIS  Smith.     Glumes  tapering 
into  an  awn  about  their  own  length. —  2f.    San 
Francisco.     Summer. 

9.     AgrostlS  L.        BENT-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  carinate, 
awnless,  larger  than  the  flowers.  Palets  2; 
lower  sometimes  aristate;  upper  2-carinate, 
sometimes  wanting.  Tufted.  Leaves  sometimes 
involute.  Panicles  with  verticillate  branches. 

1.  A.  ALBA  L  (vulgar is  With).  Glumes 
nearly  equal,  upper  palet  nearly  half  the  length 
of  the  lower. — •!£.  Common,  although  not  in- 
digenous. Summer. 

Native  of  Europe. 


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2.  A.  VERTICILLATA  Vill.     G  1  u  m  e  s  nearly 
equal;  upper  palet  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower. 
11 .     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

3.  A.  EXAEATA  Trin.     Glumes  nearly  equal; 
upper  palet   minute,   about  the  length  of  the 
ovary ;  lower  palet  5-nerved  and  marked  on  the 
back  by  a  longitudinal  furrow. — It .     San  Fran- 
cisco.    Summer. 

4.  A.  SCABBA  Willd.     Glumes  unequal,  the 
lower  longer,  acute  and  scabrous;  upper  palet 
very  minute,  sometimes  0. — 0.     San  Francisc- 
co.     Spring. 

10,    Gastridium  Pal. 

Spikelets  1-flowered.  Glumes  2,  ventricose 
at  the  base,  much  larger  than  the  flower  and 
closed.  Palets  2;  the  inferior  sometimes  aris- 
tate,  embracing  the  superior  2-carinate  one.— 
0.  Leaves  flattened.  Panicles  contracted, 
spikelike. 

1.  G.  AUSTRALE  Beauv. — San  Francisco. 
Spring. 

11.    Stipa  L-        FEATHER-GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flowers  stipitate. 
Glumes  2,membranaceous,  larger  than  the  flow- 
er. Palets  2,  involute,  superior  shorter,  2- 
nerved;  inferior  aristate,  with  a  simple  twisted 
awn.  Ovary  stipitate;  caryopsis  terete,  and 
closely  wrapt  in  the  palets. —  H  •  Spikelets  pe- 
dicillate,  paniculate. 


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1.  S.  SETIGERA   Presl.     Panicle  open,  with 
spreading  rays;  lower  palet  tuberculate,  only 
the  nerves  hairy. — Common.     Summer. 

2.  S.  EMINENS    Cas.     Panicle  open,  with 
spreading  rays;  lower   palet  hairy  all  over.— 
Coast  Ranges.     Summer. 

3.  S.  VIRIDULA  Trin.     Panicle  narrow,  with 
short  erect  rays. — Coast  Range.     Summer. 

All  the  species  of  Stipa  are  by  their  long 
awns  more  or  less  injurious  to  the  wool  of  sheep, 
which  they  make  impure  and  intractable.  Some 
species  even  endanger  the  life  of  the  animals, 
as  their  awns  are  liable  to  work  their  way 
from  the  wool  through  the  skin  into  the  lungs. 

12.    Deyeuxia  Clar.     (Calamagrostis  Adans). 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  flowers  sessile,  with  a 
bearded  base  and  the  rudiment  of  a  superior 
flower,  reduced  to  a  plumose  pedicel.  Glumes 
2,  canaliculate,  awnless.  Palets  2;  inferior 
aristate,  superior  2-carinate. — 1£.  Leaves  flat- 
tened. Panicles  branched. 

1.  D.  ALEUTICA  Trin . — San  Francisco.  Sum- 
mer. 

13.    Spartina  Scbreb.        MARSH  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-sided,  sessile,  1-flowered;  flower 
naked,  sessile.  Glumes  2,  carinate,  awnless; 
the  upper  embracing  the  lower,  which  is  much 
smaller.  Palets  2,  awnless;  the  lower  com- 
pressed; the  upper  larger  navicular.  Ovary 


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sessile. — 2£.  with  creeping  rhizome,  rigid,  and 
with  involute  leaves. 

1.  S.  STRICTA  Both. — Salt  marshes.  San 
Francisco.  Summer. 

14.     Cynodon  Rich.        BERMUDA  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-sided,  sessile,  1-flowered,  often 
with  rudiment  of  a  superior  flower.  Glumes 
2,  carinate,  awnless,  the  upper  embracing  the 
lower.  Palets  2;  the  lower  carinate,  acute. 
Ovary  sessile. — If.  Bhizome  creeping.  Leaves 
flattened.  Spikes  in  our  species  digitate. 

1.     C.  DACTYLON  Pers. — San  Jose.    Summer. 

15,  Danthonia  DC. 

Spikelets  2-oo -flowered;  rachis  hairy.  Flow- 
ers distichous,  the  uppermost  depauperate. 
Glumes  2,  awnless,  somewhat  longer  than  the 
flower.  Palets  2;  upper  2-carinate;  lower  con- 
cave, ao-nerved,  2-cleft,  aristate.  Ovary  stipi- 
tate;  caryopsis  compressed,  free. — It-  Turfy. 
Leaves  flattened.  Spikelets  pedicellate,  pan- 
iculate. 

1.  D.  CALiFOBNiCABolander.— Contra  Costa 
hills.  Summer. 

16.  Avena  L        OAT. 

Spikelets  3-flowered,  the  uppermost   depau- 
perate.    Glumes  2,  awnless.     Palets  2;    lower 
2-cleft,    aristate;     upper    2-carinate,    awnless. 


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Ovary  sessile,  hirsute  at  the    apex;    caryopsis 
terete,  adherent  to  the  upper  palet. — 0. 
1.     A.  FATUA  L. — Common.     Summer. 
17,    Trisetum  Kunth. 

Spikelets  2-4-flowered.  the  uppermost  depau- 
perate. Glumes  2,  carinate,  awnless,  shorter 
than  the  flower.  Palets  2;  lower  2-dentate, 
aristate.  Ovary  sessile;  caryopsis  compressed, 
free.  Leaves  flattened. 

1.  T.   CANESCENS  Buckl.      Spikelets  2  or  3- 
flowered,  narrow;    lower  glume   narrow,    con- 
siderably shorter  than  the  brojid   ovate   upper 
one. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

2.  T.  BARBATUM  Steud.     Spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered,  lar^e,  much  flattened;  both   glumes  nar- 
row, the  lower  but  little  shorter  than  the  up- 
per one. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

18,    Aira  L.        HAIR-GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-flowered,  often  with  the  rudiment 
of  a  superior  one.  Flowers  sessile.  Glumes  2, 
carinate,  awnless,  larger  than  the  flower.  Palets 
2;  the  lower  2-cleft,  dorsally  aristate.  Ovary 
sessile;  caryopsis  free. 

1.  A.  (LESPITOSA  L.     Glumes  not  longer  than 
the  florets;  Spikelets  much  compressed.  — 1£. 
San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  A.  HOLCIFORMIS  Steud.  Glumes  not  longer 
than  the  florets;  spikelets  nearly  terete. — 1C- 
Common.     Summer. 


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3.  ELONGATA  Hook.      Glumes   longer   than 
the  florets;  panicle   long  and  narrow,  its  rays 
unequal,  distant,  mostly  appressed.  — 1£.     San 
Francisco.     Summer. 

4.  A.  DANTHONOIDES    Trin.     Glumes  longer 
than  the  florets;  panicle  loose  and   open,  the 
lowermost  rays  in  threes,  the  upper  in  pairs  or 
solitary. — 1£.     Oakland.     Summer. 

19,    Arrhenatherum  Beauv. 

Spikelets  3-flowered  :  lower  $  ;  middle  $  ; 
upper  neutral.  Glumes  2,  concave,  awnless; 
the  upper  larger  than  the  lower.  Palets  of  6 
flower  2;  lower  dorsally  aristate  near  the  base; 
upper  2-carinate,  awnless.  Palets  of  $  flower 
2;  lower  dorsally  aristate  near  the  apex,  upper 
adnate  to  the  caryopsis. — If.  Leaves  flattened. 
Panicles  with  verticillate  branches.  Spikelets 
pedicillate. 

1.  A.  AVENACEUM  Beauv. — Common.  Sum- 
mer. 

European  species,  probably  introduced  as  a 
fodder  grass. 

20.    Holcus  L. 

Spikelets  2-flowered ;  flowers  pedicillate  ; 
lower  g  ;  upper  $  .  Glumes  2,  navicular. 
Palets  of  the  £  flower  2;  lower  navicular,  awn- 
less; upper  2-carinate.  Ovary  sessile,  pyri- 
form;  caryopsis  free.  Palets  of  the  $  flower 
2;  upper  2-carinate  ;  lower  aristate  near  the 


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apex.     Leaves  flattened.     Panicles  branched. 
Spikelets  pedicellate. 

1.     H.  LANATUS  L.  —  It-    Common.    Summer. 
21,    Phragmites  Trin.       REED. 

Spikelets  3-6-flowered;  flowers  distichous, 
somewhat  remote;  the  lower  one  $  ,  the  rest  £  . 
Glumes  2,  carinate,  acute;  the  upper  larger. 
Palets  2;  lower  elongate,  subulate,  upper  2- 
carinate.  Ovary  sessile;  caryopsis  free. — 2£. 
Aquatic.  Leaves  broad,  flattened.  Panicles 
diffused. 

1.  P.  COMMUNIS  Trin. —  Common  on  river 
banks.  Summer. 

22.     Dactylis  k.        ORCHARD  GRASS. 

Spikelets  1-sided,  2-7-flowered.  Glumes  2, 
carinate,  mucronate  aristate.  Palets  2;  upper 
2-carinate,  lower  5-nerved,  mucronate  aristate; 
carina  ciliate.  Ovary  sessile.  Caryopsis  free. 
It.  Leaves  carinate.  Panicles  glomerate,  1- 
sided. 

1.      D.  GLOMERATA  L. 

Introduced  from  Europe  as  a  fodder-grass. 
23.    Koeleria  Pers. 

Spikelets  2-7-flowered.  Flowers  distichous. 
Glumes  2,  carinate,  awnless,  unequal.  Palets 
2;  lower  enlarged,  upper  2-carinate,  2-cleft. 
Caryopsis  terete,  free.  Leaves  flattened.  Pani- 


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cles  contracted,  spikelike.     Spikelets  pedicel- 
late. 

1.  K.  CRISTATA  Pers. — 1£.  San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

24.     Melica  L.        MKLIC-GRASS. 

Spikelets  3-5-flowered,  2  inferior  flowers  $  , 
the  rest  depauperate.  Glumes  2,  concave,  awn- 
less,  unequal.  Palets  2,  sessile,  smooth.  Ca- 
ryopsis  terete,  free.  Leaves  flattened.  Spike- 
lets  pedicellate. 

1.  M.  IMPERFECTA    Trin.     Glumes  nearly 
equaling  the  florets;  lower  palet  scarious  mar- 
gined, 7-nerved;  spikelets  one  $  floret  and  one  or 
two  sterile. — 2£.     Cemetery.     Summer. 

2.  M.  BULBOSA    Geyer.      Glumes  nearly 
equaling  the  florets;    lower  palet  scarious-mar- 
gined,   7-nerved;  spikelets   contain   2   or   8   Q 
florets. — -2£.     Coast  Bange      Summer. 

3.  M.  BROMOIDES  Gray.     Glumes  distinctly 
shorter  than  the  lower  floret;  lower  palet  acute. 
2£ .     Marin  County.     Summer. 

4.  M.   HARFORDI    Bolander.      Glumes  dis- 
tinctly  shorter   than   the   lower   floret;    lower 
palet  truncate. —  2£.     Nicasio.     Summer. 

25.     Brizopymm  Link.   (Dlstichlis  Raf.). 

Dioecious.  Spikelets  compressed,  co-flower- 
ed. Glumes  2,  narrow,  carinate.  Palets  2: 
lower  coriaceous,  cc-nerved,  not  carinate;  up- 


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per  carinate  with  involute  margins.  Ovary 
stipitate;  caryopsis  obovate,  free. — It.  Creep- 
ing. Leaves  rigid,  distichous,  spreading. 
Panicle  spicate-racemose. 

1.  B.  MARITIMUM  Raf.— San  Francisco. 
Salt  marshes.  Summer. 

26,    Lophochlaena  Nees. 

Spikelets  oo-flowered.  Flowers  $  .  Rachis 
articulate,  deciduous.  Glumes  2,  shorter  than 
the  flowers,  upper  3-nerved,  lower  smaller,  1- 
nerved.  Palets  2 :  lower  chartaceous,  oo-nerved, 
membranaceous  at  the  apex,  2-lobed,  aristate 
from  the  cleft;  upper  complicate,  chartaceous, 
margin  and  apex  membranaceous,  2-nerved, 
2-carinate,  margin  dentate,  apex  emarginate. 
Caryopsis  compressed,  2-horned.  Leaves  short. 
Panicle  secund  (one-sided),  simply  racemose. 

1.  L.  CALIFORNICA  Nees. — 0.  Contra  Costa. 
Spring. 

27,    Glyceria  R-  Br. 

Spikelets  oo-flowered.  Glumes  2,  obtuse, 
the  lower  shorter.  Palets  2 :  upper  2-carinate, 
lower  concave,  ovate,  rotund,  7-nerved.  Cary- 
opsis free.  Aquatics.  Leaves  flattened. 
Branches  of  the  panicle  semi-verticillate. 

1.  G.  PAUCIFLORA  Presl. — 0.  San  Fran- 
cisco. Spring. 


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28,   Poa  L. 

Spikelets2- oo-flowered.  Glumes  2,  obtuse. 
Palets  2,  both  deciduous,  lower  carinate,  upper 
2-carinate.  Ovary  sessile. 

1.  P.  DISTANS  Grieseb.     Lower  palet  round- 
ed; all  leaves  short  and  narrow,  mostly  convo- 
lute.—  If.     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  P.  CALIFORNICA    Munro  Ms.     Dioecious; 
lower  palet   rounded;    radical   leaves  half  as 
long  as  the  culm,  mostly  flat;  culm-leaves  short, 
frequently   reduced   to   a   mucro. — If.     San 
Francisco.     Summer. 

3.  P.  TENUIFOLIA  Nutt.    Lower  palet  round- 
ed; radical  leaves  exceedingly  narrow,  mucro- 
nate;  culm-leaves   but   little  wider.-—©.     San 
Francisco.     Spring. 

4.  P.    SCABRELLA    Gray.      Dioecious;  lower 
palet    rounded,    leaves   carinate. — If.       Oak- 
land.    Summer. 

5.  P.  ANNUA  L.  Lower  palet  acute;  branches 
of  the  panicle  single  or  in  pairs;  all  leaves  flat. 
0.     Common.     Spring. 

6.  P.  PRATENSIS  L.     Florets  $  ;  lowei  palet 
acute;  branches  of  the  panicle  mostly  in  fives; 
the  entire  plant  smooth,  only  the  margins  of 
the  leaves  slightly   scabrous.—  If.     Common. 
Summer. 

7.  P.  TRIVIALIS  L.     Florets  £  :   lower  palet 
acute;  branches  of  the  panicle  mostly  in  fives; 
the  entire  plant  rough. —  2f .  Common.  Summer. 


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8.  P.  DOUGLASII  Nees.  Dioecious ;  lower 
palet  acute;  radical  leaves  setaceously  convo- 
lute.—  2£.  San  Francisco.  Sand  dunes.  Sum- 
mer. 

29.    Eragrostis  Beanv. 

Spikelets  2-  oo-flowered.  Glumes  2,  obtuse. 
Palets  2;  upper  palet  persistent. 

1.  E.  PO^EOIDES  Beauv. — 0.  San  Francisco- 
Spring. 

Probably  introduced  from  Europe. 
30,    Briza  L.        QUAKING-GRASS. 

Spikelets  oo-flowered;  flowers  imbricate,  dis- 
tichous. Glumes  2,  concave,  rounded,  ventri- 
cose.  Palets  2:  lower  rotund,  concave,  with 
cordate  base;  upper  much  smaller,  2-carinate. 
Caryopsis  compressed.  Leaves  flattened. 
Spikelets  pedicellate,  paniculate. 

1.  B.  MEDIA  L. — 2£.  Common.  Summer. 
31,  Festuca  L-  FESCUK  GRASS. 

Spikelets  2-  ao-flowered ;  flowers  distichous. 
Glumes  2,  carinate,  unequal.  Palets  2;  lower 
not  carinate,  mucronate,  sometimes  aristate; 
upper  2-carinate.  Ovary  sessile,  smooth. 

1.  F.  MYUEUS  L.  Monandrous;  panicle  con- 
tracted, spikelike,  narrow,  rays  appressed ; 
lower  glume  minute;  upper  glume  half  as  long 
as  the  lowest  floret.  —  0 .  San  Francisco. 
Spring. 


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2.  F.    TENELA   Wild.      Diandrous;    panicle 
contracted,  spikelike,  lower   rays   in   unequal 
pairs;  glumes  acute,  the  lower  at  least  half  as 
long  as  the  upper.—  0 .  San  Francisco.  Spring. 

3.  F.    MICBOSTACHYS   Nutt.      Monandrous  ; 
panicle   contracted   spike  like  ;    branches   not 
appressed;    glumes  acute,  the  lower  1-nerved 
and   smaller   than   the  3-nerved  upper;  upper 
glume  almost  as  long  as  the  lowest  floret. — 0. 
Common.     Spring. 

4.  F.  OVINA  L.     Panicles  loose,  not  spike- 
like;  rays  mostly  solitary;  glumes  about  equal; 
lower  palet  indistinctly   nerved.  —  1C .     Coast 
Range.     Summer. 

5.  F.  SCABRELLA  Torr.     Panicles  loose,   not 
spikelike;  lower  rays  distant   in  pairs;  upper 
glume  somewhat  longer  than  the  lower  and  half 
as  long  as  the  lowest  floret;  lower  palet  mem- 
branaceous,  distinctly  5-nerved. —  2£ .  Oakland. 
Summer. 

6.  F.   PAUCIFLORA  Thunb.      Panicles  loose, 
not    spikelike;    lower    rays   distant   in   pairs; 
glumes  narrow,  the  upper  twice  as  large  as  the 
lower;    lower    palet   distinctly   5-nerved. — 1£. 
San  Francisco.     Summer. 

32,    Bromus  L.       BROME-GRASS. 
Spikelets  3- oo-flowered;  flowers  distichous; 
glumes  2,   unequal.     Palets  2:  lower  rotund, 
convex,  sometimes  aristate  ;  upper  2-carinate, 


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the  carina  ciliate.  Ovary  sessile  ;.  hissute  at 
the  apex.  Leaves  flattened;  spikelets  pedicel- 
late, paniculate. 

1.  B.  MAXIMUS  Desf .  Lower  glume  1-nerved, 
upper  3-nerved;  glumes  hyaline,  the  upper  al- 
most  equalling   the  floret ;    lower  palet  scab- 
rous.— 0.    San  Francisco.  Mission.     Spring. 

2.  B.  SECALINUS  L.  Lower  glume  3-5-nerved, 
upper  5-7 -nerved;  lower  palet,  inside  rounded, 
convex,  outside,  carinate;  rays  of  the  panicle 
spreading,  even  when  in  fruit.- — 0 .     Mission. 
Spring. 

3.  B.  RACEMOSUS  L.  Lower  glume  3-5-nerved, 
upper  5-7 -nerved;  lower  palet,  inside  rounded, 
convex,  outside,  carinate;  rays  of  the   panicle 
contracted   when  in    fruit. — 0  0.      Oakland. 
Spring. 

4.  B.  CILIATUS  L.     Lower  glume   1-nerved, 
upper  3-nerved;  glumes  acute;  the  upper  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  lower  floret;  lower 
palet  silky. — 1£.     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

5.  B.    GKANDIFLORUS     Hook    (Ceratochloa 
Beauv.).     Lower   glume    5-nerved,    the   upper 
9-nerved;  lower  palet  compressed,  carinate.— 
H .     Nicasio.     Summer. 

33,    Lepturus  R.  Br. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  rudiment  of  a  su- 
perior flower.  Glumes  2,  rigid,  subulate  in 
the  terminal  spikelet  opposite,  in  the  lateral 


(313) 

ones  collateral;  lower  glume  sometimes  want- 
ing. Palets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  the  lower 
enclosing  the  upper. — 0.  Leaves  narrow  and 
flattened.  Spikelets  solitary,  immersed  into 
alternate  excavations  of  the  rachis,  the  inflores- 
cence representing  a  slender  spike. 

1.  L.  INCUBVATUS  Trin.  Tiburon.  Marin 
County.  Spring. 

Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 

34,    Lolium  L.         Darnel. 

Spikelets  co-flowered,  flowers  imbricate,  dis- 
tichous. Glumes  2,  blunt,  the  posterior  often 
wanting.  Palets  2:  the  lower  concave,  some- 
times aristate;  upper  2-carinate  with  the  cary- 
opsis  adhering.  Leaves  flattened.  Spikelets 
solitary,  immersed  into  alternate  excavations 
of  the  rachis,  placed  edgewise  with  it,  and  rep- 
resenting a  single  spike. 

1.  L.  PERENNE    L.     Glume    much    shorter 
than  the  spikelet. — It-     Common.     Summer. 

Native  of  Europe,  but  frequently  escaped 
from  cultivation. 

2.  L.  TEMULENTUM  L.     Glume  as  long  as  the 
spikelet. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

Has  the  reputation  of  being  a  narcotic  poi- 
son, but  varies  considerably  in  regard  to  inten- 
sity and  character  of  the  symptoms  caused  by 
it. 

H 


(314) 

35,  Triticum  L-       WHEAT. 

Spikelets   3- co-flowered.      Flowers   distich- 
ous, placed  with  their  flat  sides  to  the  rachis. 
Glumes  2,  lower  sometimes  wanting.     Palets  2, 
lower  rounded,  upper  2-carinate,  the  carinate 
ciliate.     Leaves  flattened.     Spikelets  solitary, 
immersed  into  the   excavations  of  the  rachis, 
representing  a  single  spike. 

1.     T.  REPENS  L. — It-     Common.    Summer. 

36.  Hordeum  L.        BAET.EY. 

Spikelets  1-flowered,  with  the  rudiment  of  a 
superior  floret,  ternate;  the  central  spikelet  £  , 
the  lateral  ones  depauperate.  Glumes  2,  linear- 
lanceolate,  aristate;  all  anterior.  Palets  2; 
lower  concave,  aristate.  Leaves  flattened. 
Spikelets  representing  a  single  spike. 

1.  H.  NODOSUM    L.      Glumes   all  setaceous 
from  a  broad  base. — 0  0.      Oakland.     Sum- 
mer. 

2.  H.  MURINUM  L.     Glumes  of  the  central 
spikelet  lanceolate  with  a  long  awn  and  ciliate; 
outer  glumes  of  the  lateral  spikelets  setaceous; 
inner  glumes  like  those  of  the  central  spikelet. 
0.     San  Francisco.     Spring. 

Native  of  Europe. 

3.  H.  JUBATUM  L.     Glumes  capillary,  run- 
ning into   very  long    awns. — 0  0.      Marin 
County.     Summer. 

"  Squirrel-tail." 


(315) 

37.  Elyinus  L.  WILD-RYE. 
Spikelets  1-  oo-flowered,  all  $  ;  florets  dis- 
tichous, the  uppermost  rudimentary.  Glumes 
2,  equal,  anterior.  Palets  2,  low  or  concave. 
Ovary  hirsute. — 2£.  Leaves  flattened.  Spike- 
lets  representing  a  single  spike. 

1.  E.  ARENARIUS  L.     G 1  u  m  e  s  acuminate, 
shorter  than  the  spikelet;  lower  palet  carinate 
towards  the  cuspidate  tip;   leaves  pungent.— 
Cliff  House.     Summer. 

Introduced  under  the  name  " Esparto  Grass," 
to  keep  the  sand  dunes  from  moving. 

2.  E.    CONDENSATUS    Presl.      Glumes  subu- 
late-setaceous, shorter  than  the  spikelet;  lower 
palet  5-nerved,  mucronate,  sometimes  shortly 
aristate;    leaves   ample,   flat.— San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

3.  E.  SIBIRICUS  L.     Glumes  linear,  3-5- 
nerved,  acute  or  shortly  aristate;  lower  palet 
aristate,  the  awn  longer  than  the  palet. — San 
Francisco.     Summer. 

4.  E.  SITANION  Schult.     Glumes  very  long, 
sometimes  2-parted,  ending  in  several  very  long 
awns. — San  Kafael.     Summer. 

38,    Gymnostichum  Schreb.        BOTTLE-BRUSH  GRASS. 
Spikelets   1-4-flowered;  florets   remote,    the 
uppermost  rudimentary.    Glumes  rudimentary, 
often  wanting.     Palets  2,  lower   aristate,  em- 


(316) 

bracing   the   upper.  —  7£ .      Leaves   flattened. 
Spikelets  representing  a  spike. 

1.  G.  CALIFORNICUM  Bolander. — Saucelito. 
Summer. 

Family  2,    CYPERACE^l, 

Stem  a  calamus.  Leaves  all  radical,  sheath- 
ing but  not  split  at  their  base;  lamina  parallel- 
veined.  Anthers  basifixed. 

1,    Car  ex  L         SEDGE. 

Flowers  diclinic.  $  spikelets  1-flowered ; 
glume  1,  external,  ?  spikelets  1-flowered  with 
2  glumes;  the  external  like  that  of  the  $  ;  the 
internal  transformed  into  a  utricle  including 
the  ovary. — 1C.  Leaves  flattened.  Stem  tri- 
quetrous. Spikelets  collected  in  diclinic  or 
androgynous  spikes. 

1.  C.  MABCIDA  Boott.     Inflorescence  the 
compound  of  many  sessile  spikes;  spikes  irregu- 
larly androgynous,  sometimes  the  whole  inflor- 
escence   ?  ;    stigmas   2;  utricle    (perigynium) 
ovate  with   a   short  2-dentate  apex;  spikes  al- 
most black. — Santa  Clara  marshes.     Summer. 

2.  C.  DOUGLASII  Boott.     Dioecious  ;   inflor- 
escence the  compound  of  many  sessile  spikes; 
utricle  (perigynium)  ovate,   acuminate  into  a 
slender    beak;    spikes    pale -brown. — Marin 
County.     Summer. 


(317) 

3.  C.  MUBICATA  L.     Inflorescence  the  com- 
pound  of   many   sessile   spikes;    $    spikes   or 
androgynous   spikes  at  the  top;  inflorescence 
oblong,    the    compound      of     4-10    spherical 
spikes;  stigmas  2;  bracts  ovate,  aristate,  longer 
than  the  spikes;  spikes  chestnut-color. — Marin 
County.     Summer. 

4.  C.  GLOMERATA  Thunb.     Inflorescence  the 
compound   of  many    sessile   spikes;    6   or   an- 
drogynous spikes  at  the  top;  inflorescence  elon- 
gated,the  compound  of  co-small  rounded  spikes; 
stigmas  2;  bracts  setaceous,  longer  than  the 
spikes;  spikes  brown.  —Common.     Summer. 

5.  C.  PANICULATA  L.    Inflorescence  the  com- 
pound of  many  sessile  spikes;    <3   or  androgy- 
nous spikes  on  the  top;  inflorescence  almost 
linear,  the  compound  of  oblong  spikes  (some* 
times  branched);  stigmas  2;  bracts  setaceous; 
spikes  brown  or  pale. — Presidio.     Summer. 

6.  C.  F  E  s  T  i  v  A  Dewey.     Inflorescence  the 
compound  of  many  sessile  spikes,    forming  a 
capitulum;    6   spikes  at  the  bottom  or  centre; 
spikes  brown. — Oakland.     Summer. 

7.  C.  DEWEYANA  Schwein.     Spikes  of   the 
inflorescence  distinct,  androgynous;    6   florets 
at   the   base;  stigmas   2;  spikes   pale. — Napa 
Valley.     Summer. 

8.  C.  BIFIDA  Boott.    Spikes  of  inflorescence 
distinct,    the   uppermost   androgynous    with  <3 
florets  on  the  base,  the   rest  of  the  spikes  ?  , 


(  318  ) 

stigrnas3;  spikes  dark-colored.— Marin  county. 
Summer. 

9.  C.  NUDATA  Bolander.     Spikes  unisexual, 
the   upper  6  ,  the   rest  ?  (sometimes  androgy- 
nous) stigmas  2;  3  spike  single  ^sometimes  an- 
drogynous); utricle  (perigynium)  elliptic,  com- 
pressed, slenderly  nerved. — Tamalpais.     Sum- 
mer. 

10.  C.  AQUATILIS  Wahl.     Spikes  unisexual?' 
the  upper  1-4   spikes  <3  ,   the    lower   (2-5)  ?  ; 
stigmas  2;  utricle  (perigynium)  elliptic,  stipi- 
tate,   nerveless. — Wright's  Station.     Summer. 

11.  C.  SITCHENSIS  Prescott.    Spikes  unisex- 
ual; the  upper  1-4  spikes  3  ,   the  rest  (3-5)  ?  ; 
stigmas  2,  utricle  (perigynium)  orbicular,  tur- 
gid, stipitate,  coriaceous,  nerveless. — Presidio. 
Summer. 

12.  C.    JAMESII    Torr.      Spikes    unisexual; 
upper  1-4  spikes  $  ,  the  rest  (3-4)  ?  ;   stigmas  2, 
utricle  (perigynium)  oval,  strongly  nerved,  ab- 
ruptly ending  in  a  2-dentate  beak;  bracts  about 
the  length  of  the  stem. — Sonoma.     Summer. 

13.  C.  LACINIATA  Boott.     Spikes  unisexual; 
upper  1-2;  spikes  $  ,  the  rest  (3-4)  $  ;  stigmas 
2,    utricle  (perigynium)  oval,  lenticular   com- 
pressed, bracts  far  exceeding  the  stem. — Coast 
Kange.     Summer. 

14.  C.     GLOBOSA  Boott.     Spikes  unisexual, 
upper  spike  $  ,  rest  (3-5)  ?  ;  stigmas  3;  utricle 


(319) 

(perigynium)  globose,  tapering  to  the  base,  ab- 
ruptly rostrate;  beak  short. — Mar  in  county. 
Summer. 

15.  C.  PSEUDOCYPEEUS  L.  Spikes  unisex- 
ual, upper  1  $  ;  rest  (3-5)  ?  ,  drooping;  stigmas 
3;  utricle  coriaceous,  ovate,  triquetrous,  attenu- 
ate into  a  long  slender  beak. — San  Francisco. 
Summer. 

2.    Fimbristylis  Vahl. 

Spikelets  £  ,  co-flowered ;  palets  closely  im- 
bricate all  round,  the  lowermost  empty.  Peri- 
goniurn  0.  Style  incrassate  at  base,  persistent. 
Leaves  narrow.  Spikelets,  if  solitary,  bracteate; 
if  capitate  or  umbellate,  involucrate. 

1.  F.  MILIACEA  Vahl. — 0.  San  Francisco. 
Folsom  street.  Spring. 

This  tropical  species  has  not  been  found  again 
since  the  filling  in  of  that  part  of  the  city. 

3.    Isolepis  L. 

Spikelets  £ ,  oo-flowered.  Palets  imbricate 
all  round,  the  lowermost  empty.  Perigonium  0. 
Base  of  the  style  deciduous,  cespitose,  slender. 

1.  I.   RIP  ARIA    E.   Br.     Nutlets  triquetrous, 
the  sides  convex. — 0.     Common.     Spring. 

2.  I.  CARINATA    Hook.  &  Arn.     Nutlets  tri- 
quetrous, the  sides  straight. — 0.     San  Fran- 
cisco.    Spring. 


(320) 

4.    Scirpus  L.       BULRUSH. 

Spikelets  $ ,  co-flowered.  Palets  imbricate 
all  round,  the  lowermost  empty.  Perigonium 
6-setaceous.  Style  articulate  with  its  base. 

1.  S.  LACUSTHIS  L.     Inflorescence  apparent- 
ly lateral,  with  a  single  erect  involucral  leaf; 
stem  almost  terete;  bristles  of  perigonium  6, 
slender,  with  scattered  barbs — 2£.     Common. 
Summer. 

2.  S.  TATOKA  Kunth.     Inflorescence  appar- 
ently lateral,  with  a  single  erect  involucral  leaf; 
stem  almost  terete;  bristles  of  perigonium  less 
than  6,  stout  and  retrorsely  plumose. — 1C .     Be- 
nicia.     Summer. 

3.  S.  OLNEYI   Gray.     Inflorescence  appar- 
ently lateral,  with  a  single  erect  involucral  leaf; 
stem  triquetrous. — It.     Presidio.     Summer. 

4.  S.  MABITIMUS    L.      Involucre  spreading; 
spikelets  large  in  a  sessile  cluster  or  sparingly 
umbellate. — 1£.     Common.     Summer. 

5.  S.  SYLVATICUS    L.     Involucre  spreading; 
spikelets  small  in  a  supra-decompound  inflores- 
cence.— 1£.     Common.     Summer. 

6.  S.   ACICULABIS   L.    (EleocJiaris   R.    Br.). 
Spike   distichous    or    3-ranked,   few-flowered, 
terminating   a   leafless  stem. — 0.      Common. 
Spring. 

7.  S.    PALUSTRIS    Eeichenb.  (Ekocharis  E. 
Br.).     Spike  terete,  oo-flowered,  terminating  a 
leafless  stem. — It.     Common.     Summer. 


(321) 

5t    Eriophorum  L.       COTTON-GRASS. 

Hpikelets  $ ,  co-flowered.  Palets  imbricate 
all  round,  the  lowermost  empty.  Perigonium 
oo-setaceous,  in  fruit  exserted,  and  silky. — 1C. 

1.  E.  GEACILE  Koch. — San  Francisco.  Sum- 
mer. 

Aquatic ;  formerly  found  in  a  swamp  near  the 
mouth  of  Mission  creek.  Not  yet  rediscovered 
in  our  neighborhood,  but  frequent  in  the  higher 

Sierras. 

6.    Cyperus  L 

Spikelets  $  .  Palets  imbricate,  distichous, 
the  lowermost  empty.  Perigonium  0.  Inflor- 
escence involucrate. 

1.  C.  DIANDRUS  Torr.     Style  2-cleft;   nutlet 
lenticular,  the  edge  turned  to  the  rachis  of  the 
spikelet.  —  0.     San  Francisco.     Summer. 

2.  C.  ARISTATUS  Kottl.     Style  3-cleft;   nut- 
let triquetrous.  Floret monandrous. — It.  Com- 
mon.    Spring. 

ORDERS.  SPADICIFLORE.  Inflorescence 
a  spadix  surrounded  by  a  spathe.  Bracts  de- 
pauperate. Ovary  superior,  one  to  several- 
celled;  cells  1-ovulate.  Leaves  alternate  with 
sheathing  base. 

Family  1.    TYPHACE^l, 

Flowers  diclinous,  in  a  sometimes  interrupted 
club-shaped  spadix,  each  division  of  which  is 
HA 


(322) 

protected  by  foliaceous  spathes.  Upper  part 
of  spadix  $  ;  perigonium  0;  anthers  basifixed, 
irregularly  mixed  with  scales.  Lower  portion 
of  spadix  ?  ;  ovaries  surrounded  at  their  bases 
by  co-bristles,  sometimes  by  3  scales;  stigma 
1,  lateral.  Fruit  a  utricle;  endosperm  copious. 
Leaves  linear,  straight-nerved.  Aquatic.  — 1£. 

1.  Sparganium  Tourn.       BUR-REED. 

Flowers  in  crowded  glomerulate  heads,  con- 
stituting a  simple  or  a  branched  spadix.  Fila- 
ments slender.  Ovaries  sessile,  surrounded  by 
some  linear  scales. 

1.  S.  EURYCARPUM  Engelm. — West  Oakland 
(extinct);  rediscovered  at  Niles.  Summer. 

2.  Typha  Tourn.        CAT-TAIL.     FLAG. 

Flowers  in  a  club-shaped,  continuous  spadix. 
$  :  filaments  connate,  very  short.  ?  :  ovaries 
stipitate,  surrounded  by  o°  bristles. 

1.     T.  LATIFOLIA  L. — Common.     Summer. 

SERIES  3.  HELOBIZE.  Aquatics.  Type 
generally  ternate.  Seed  nearly  without  endos- 
perm. Embryo  with  very  pronounced  radicle. 

ORDER!.  POLYCAKPIOE.  Ovaries  3-  oo. 
Endosperm  entirely  wanting. 

Family  1,    ALISMACE.E 

Calyx  3-sepalous.  Corolla  3-petalous.  Stam- 
ens 6-00  .  Ovaries  3-co  ,  with  terminal  styles 


(323) 

and  ventral  placentation.     Carpidia  dry,  inde- 
hiscent.     Lamina  of  leaves  nervose. 

1.     Alisma  L.        WATER- PLANTAIN. 

Flowers  $  .  Calyx  herbaceous.  Corolla  pet- 
aloid.  Ovaries  GO  ,  1-ovulate.  Akenes  GO  ,  ver- 
ticillate. — if.  Aquatic.  Scapigerous.  Inflores- 
cence verticillate,  paniculate. 

1.  A.  PLANTAGO  L.  Flowers  pale. — Com- 
mon. Summer. 

Family  2.    JUNCAGINE^E, 

Calyx  not  differing  from  corolla.  Lamina  of 
leaves  abortive. 

1,    Triglochin  L.        ARROW- GRASS. 

Perigonium  deciduous,  3  inner  sepals  some- 
times wanting.  Ovary  6-celled;  ovules  in  each 
cell  solitary,  basal.  Styles  3-6;  stigmas  plum- 
ose. Capsule  separating  into  carpidia;  finally 
opening  ventrally. — 2£.  Scapigerous.  Inflores- 
cence spicate. 

1.     T.  MABITIMUM  L.     Common.     Summer. 

Family  3,    POTAME.E, 

Perigonium  if  present,  4-cleft.  Stamens  1, 
2,  or  4.  Ovaries  4-  oo,  1-ovulate.  Carpidia  in- 
deliiscent.  Leaves  stipulate. 

1,    Potamogeton   TOURN.        PONDWEED. 

Flowers  $  .  Perigonium  4-cleft.  Anthers  4, 
sessile,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  sepals. 


(324) 

Ovaries  4,  styles  0. — U-    Jointed  aquatics.   In- 
florescence pedunculate;  spikes  axillary. 

1.  P.    NATANS    L.     Floating    leaves    coria- 
ceous;   submerged   leaves   filiform. — Marine 
Hospital.     Lake  Merced.     Taylorville.    Sum- 
mer. 

2.  P.    LUGENS  L.     Leaves  uniform,    lanceo- 
late.— Mission  Dolores.     Lake  Merced.     Sum- 
mer. 

3.  P.  PAUOIFLOBUS  Pursh.      Leaves    linear 
with    distinct    stipules. — Ocean  Lake.     Sum- 
mer. 

4.  P.  PECTINATUS  L.      Leaves    linear,   sti- 
pules united  with  the  sheathing  base  of   the 
leaf. — Common.     Summer. 

ORDER  2.  CENTEOSPERM^E.  Perigonium 
0.  Ovules  basilar. 

Family  1,    NAIADACE^l, 

Flowers  diclinous.  Ovary  1,  1 -celled,  1- 
ovnlate.  Fruit  a  nutlet. 

1,   Lilaea  HBK. 

Flowers  monoecious.  $  ,  spicate,  1-bracteate, 
monandrous,  sometimes  mingled  with  ?  flow- 
ers. ?  flowers  partly  spicate  and  1-bracteate; 
partly  solitary,  axillary  and  without  bracts. 
Styles  of  the  upper  ?  flowers  short,  of  the 
lower  elongate;  stigmas  capitate. — 0.  Aqua- 
tic. Leaves  radical,  terete,  sheathing  at  base. 


(325) 

1.  L.  SUBULATA  HBK. — San  Francisco. 
School  House  Station.  Searsville.  Spring. 

2,    Zoster  a  L.       EEL-GRASS. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Spathe  elongated  into 
a  lamina.  Spadix  flattened,  dorsally  naked, 
ventrally  covered  by  alternate  stamens  and 
ovaries  arranged  in  two  rows.  Anthers  1-celled, 
sessile.  Ovary  rostrate.  Style  persistent.— 
It .  Stems  and  roots  submerged. 

1.  Z.  MARINA  L.  — Brackish  inlets  around  the 
bay.  Summer. 

The  bulbous  root  is  edible,  and  is  eagerly 
sought  for  by  the  canvas-back  duck. 

Family  2,    LEMNACE.E, 

Aquatic   plants   without   axis.     Flowers  en- 
closed in  a  thin  membranaceous  spathe.     Sta- 
mens 1  or  2.     Ovary  sessile,   i-celled;  ovules 
1-6;  style  short.     Fruit  a  utricle. 
1,    Lemna  L-        DUCKWEED. 

Stamens  2. 

1.  L.  TBISULCA  L.     Ovule   solitary;    fronds 
oblong,  stalked,  remaining  connected. — Presi- 
dio.    Autumn. 

2.  L.  VALDIVIANA  Philippi.    Ovule  solitary; 
fronds  not  stalked,  soon  separating;  bract reni- 
form. — Marine  Hospital.     Autumn. 


(326) 

3.  L.  MINOR  L.     Ovule  solitary;  fronds  not 
stalked,   soon    separating;    bract   cucullate. — 
Outlet  of  a  creek  between  the  Fort  and  the 
Cliff  House.     Autumn. 

4.  L.  GIBBA  L.     More  than  1  ovule. — Com- 
mon.    Autumn. 

Sub-Class  2.     GYMNOSPERBO:. 

ORDER  1.     CONIFERS. 

Family  1.    TAXINEffi, 
1.    Torreya  Arn.        NUTMEG-PINE. 

Flowers  from  scaly  buds.  $  :  consisting  of 
bracts  on  the  base  of  the  axis,  imbricated  in 
4  rows;  stamens  oo;  connectives  peltate;  an- 
thers 4  to  each  stamen.  ?  :  ovule  immersed 
into  an  urceolate  arillus. —  1£ .  Branches  oppo- 
site. Leaves  linear,  decurrent,  rigid,  mucronate. 

1.  T.  CALIFORNIA  Torr. — Tamalpais.  La- 
gunitas  Creek.  Spring. 

Wood  and  seed  have  the  odor  of  nutmeg, 
the  seed  occasionally  being  used  as  such. 

Family  2,    ABIETINE^l, 
1.    Pinus  Tourn.        PINE. 

$  flowers  on  elongated  axes;  the  different 
axes  crowded  into  an  inflorescence  round  the 
base  of  a  new  shoot.  ?  flowers  with  fertile 
scales  protected  by  bracts,  which  are  much 


(327) 

smaller  than  the  scales.  Scales  of  the  cone 
persistent  and  elevated  into  a  tumor  (umbo). — 
It.  Leaves  1-5,  from  a  squarnous  sheath. 

1.  P.  SABINIANA  Dougl.     Leaves  in  threes; 
cones  on  a  well  developed  peduncle;  apophyses 
of  the  scales  stout,  projecting. — Napa  Valley. 
Spring. 

"Blue-pine."     Seeds  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

2.  P.  INSIGNIS  Dougl.      Leaves   in   threes; 
cones  on  short  peduncles   in  clusters.     Scales 
toward    the   base   enlarged,  thick   and  hemis- 
pherical.—  2£.     Bolinas  heights.     Santa   Cruz 
mountains.     Spring. 

"  Monterey  pine."     Frequently  cultivated. 

3.  P.  TUBERCUL ATA  Gordon.  Leaves  in  threes; 
cones   verticillate,  peduncled;  scales  angular, 
enlarged  by  a  conical   uinbo. — Marin  County. 
Spring. 

4.  P.  MURICATA    Don.       Leaves    in    pairs- 
Bolinas.     Spring. 

2.     Pseudotsuga  Carriere.        DOUGLAS  SPKCTCK. 

Flowers  from  the  axils  of  last  year's  leaves, 
crowded;  $  on  elongated  axes;  scales  of?  flow- 
er considerably  smaller  than  the  bracts,  per- 
sistent. Cones  pendulous. —  ^  .  Leaves  dis_ 
tichous,  petioled. 

1.  P.  DOUGLASII  Carr. — Tamalpais.  Santa 
Cruz  mountains.  Spring. 


(  328  ) 

Family  3,    CUPRESSINE^l, 

1,    Sequoia  Emll. 

.Cones  ovate;  scales  GO  ,  cuneiform,  spreading 
at  maturity,  decussately  arranged. —  *> .  Leaves 
alternate,  decurrent,  carinate. 

1.  S.  SEMPERVIRENS  Endl.     Leaves  spread- 
ing, distichous.    Branchlets  spreading. — Marin 
County.     Coast  Range.     Contra  Costa  Range. 
Spring.     "  Redwood." 

2.  S.  GIGANTEA    Decaisne.    Leaves  not  dis- 
tichous.    Branchlets  pendulous. — In  a  gulch  of 
the  Santa  Cruz  mountains  near  Meyers'  vine- 
yard.    Otherwise  only  in  the  high  Sierras. 

"  Big  tree." 

2,     OupresSUS  Tourn.         CYPKESS. 
Cone    globose;  scales   6-10,    thick,    peltate, 
valvate,   oo-ovulate.     Seeds  angulate,  narrowly 
winged. —  J?  .     Leaves  decussate,  adnate,  squa- 
mate,  imbricate,  not  distichous. 

1.  C.  MACROCARPA  Hartw.     Cones   of    5  or 
6  pairs  of  scales.  —  Monterey.    In  our  local  flora 
only  escaped  from  cultivation.     Spring. 

Monterey  Cypress. 

2.  C.     GOVENIANA  Gordon.     Cones  of  3  or 
4  pairs  of  scales. — Nicasio.     Spring. 

3.     Juniperus  L-         JUMPER. 

Fruit  a  galbulus.  Scales  succulent,  uniting 
in  fruit.  Seeds  osseous. —  *? .  Leaves  oppo- 
site, not  distichous. 


(329) 

1.  J.  CALIFORNIA  Carr.— Walnut  Creek. 
Spring. 

CLASS  2.     CEYPTOGAM^. 

Section  1.  DICHOTOMY  (Ijycopodiacece). 
Ramification  dichotomous.  Each  leaf  produc- 
ing only  one  sporangium,  borne  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf  or  near  its  axil. 

Family  1.    SELAGINELLKffi. 

Macrosporangia  and  Microsporangia.  Leaves 
small  and  of  two  different  kinds. 
1,    Selaginella  Beanv. 

Sporangia  axillary,  globose,  transversely  de- 
hiscent.—  2£.  Leaves  4-8-ranked. 

1.     S.  BUPESTKIS. — Spring.     Tamalpais. 

Family  2,    ISOETE.32. 

Heterosporous.  All  leaves  long  and  grass- 
like. 

1,    Isoetes  L-       QUILL  wo  KT. 

Characters  of  the  family  of  which  it  is  the  only 
genus  known. 

1.  sp.     Submerged  aquatic. — Corte  Madera. 
Found  by  Mrs.  Curran,  but  not  yet  identified. 

2.  sp.     Growing  on  places  inundated  only 
during  the  rainy  season. — Olema. 

Found  by  Mrs.  Curran,  but  not  yet  identified. 


(  330  ) 

Section  2.  FILICINE^.  Ramification  not 
dichotomous.  Leaves  developed,  frondose. 
Sporangia  not  single  and  never  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  leaf. 

ORDER  1.  RHIZOCARP^.  Sporangia  in 
sporocarps  (conceptacula);  heterosporus;  mi- 
crosporangia, oo-spored;  macrosporangia  gen- 
erally 1-spored. 

Family  1,    MARSILJ3 ACE^ffi. 

Sporocarps  2-4-celled,  2-4-valved,  contain- 
ing macro-  and  microsporangia.  Sporangia 
parietal;  macrosporangia,  always  1-spored. 
Vernation  circinate. 

1,  Marsilaea  L- 

Macro-  and  microsporangia  in  the  same  spo- 
rocarp. — 1C-  Fronds  petiolate,  4-foliolate. 

1.  M.  VESTITA  Hook.  &  Grev. — Fort  Point. 
(Extinct.) 

2,  Pillularia  L. 

U .     Fronds  filiform. 

1.     P.AMERICANA  Al.Braun. — Marin County. 

Family  2,    SALVINIACE^E. 

Sporocarps2to  oo,  on  the  same  petiole 
(transformed  half  of  a  frond) ,  macro-  and  mi- 
crosporangia in  distinct  sporocarps.  Verna- 
tion not  circinate. 


(331) 

1.     Azolla  Lam.         WATEK-FEBN. 

Sporocarps  in  pairs.  Macrosporangia  1- 
spored.  Aquatics,  moss-like,  floating,  green 
or  purplish. 

1.  A.  CAHOLINIANA  Willd. — Presidio.  Sau- 
celito. 

ORDER  2.  FILICES.  Isosporous.  Spor- 
angia formed  from  the  epidermis,  bursting  by 
an  elastic  ring.  Fronds  without  stipules.  Ver- 
nation circinate. 

Family  1,    POLYPODIACEJE. 

Sporangia  hypophyllous,  somewhat  globular; 
ring  vertical. 

1.     Gymnogramme  Desf.        GOLD-FERN. 

Sori  linear,  placed  on  branching  primary 
veins.  Indusium  0.  — 1£. 

1.     G.  TRIANGULARIS  Kaulfuss. — Common. 

2,     Cheilanthes  Swartz.        LIP-FEKN. 

Sori  placed  separately  at  the  end  of  veinlets. 
Spurious  indusium  rudimentary,  formed  by  the 
reflexed  margin  of  the  frond. — 1£. 

1.  C.  CALIFORNICA  Nutt.     Fronds  green  on 
both  sides,  4-pinnatifid. — Tamalpais. 

2.  C.  MYRIOPHYLLA  Desv.     Fronds    covered 
underneath  with  brown  scales;  3-4-pinnate.— 
Wright's  Station. 


(  332  ) 

3,    Allosorus  Benth.    (Pellcealjiuk.)        KOCK-BRAKK. 

Sporangia  on  veins  which  are  oblique  to  the 
midrib.  Spurious  indusium  continuous,  formed 
by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  frond. — It.  Gla- 
brous, cespitose  ;  fertile  fronds  contracted  ; 
petioles  not  green. 

1.  A.  ANDROMEMSFOLIUS  Fee.  Pinnules  oval, 
obtuse. — San  Rafael.     Tamalpais. 

2.  A.  ORNITHOPUS  Hook.     Pinnules   rhom- 
boid,    mucronulate. — Piedmont.       Lagunitas 
reservoir. 

3.  A.  DENSUS  Hook.     Pinnules   linear,    mu- 
cronate. — Lagunitas  reservior. 

4,    Poly  podium  L.       POLYPODY. 
Sori  round,  placed  on  the  veins.     Indusium 
0.— K. 

1.  P.  VULGARE  L.     Veins   of   the    segments 
uniformly  free  and  none  anastomosing. — Com- 
mon. 

2.  P.     SCOULERI  Hook  &   Gray.     Veins  of 
the  segments  anastomosing  by  ve inlets. — Sau- 
celito.     Tamalpais. 

5     Pteris  L.        BRACKKX.     BUAKE. 

Sporangia  at  the  end  of  the  veinlets,  con- 
nected into  a  vein-like  receptacle  which  sur- 
rounds the  frond  without  interruption,  indu- 
sium continuous,  membranaceous,  attached  at 
its  marginal  side,  free  on  its  inner  side. — 2£ . 


(333) 

1.  P.  AQTJILINA  L.  Common.  The  fronds 
before  expanding  are  edible,  and  were  used  in 
former  times  as  a  pot  herb. 

6,    Adiantum  L. 
MAIDEN'S  HAIR.    FIVE-FINGEK. 

Sporangia  at  the  end  of  distinct  veins.  Sori 
covered  by  the  semi-lunar  reflexed  margins. 
Indusium  continuous  with  the  margin  of  the 
leaf,  free  on  its  inner  side. —  2^.  Petioles  not 
green. 

1.  A.    EMAEGINATUM  Hook.     Eachis   of  the 
frond  continuous  to  the  apical  pinnule  (leaflet). 
Common. 

2.  A.    PEDATUM  L.     Eachis  of   the  frond  2- 
furcate,  each  partition  bearing  several  pinnate 
branches   on   its   apical   side. — Camp  Taylor. 
Saucelito. 

7,     Blechnum  L-  (Lomaria,  Willd.)         DEKR-FERN. 

Sporangia  forming  a  linear  sorus  on  each 
side  of  the  mid-rib  and  parallel  to  it.  Indu- 
sium membranaceous,  attached  to  the  recepta- 
cle and  free  on  the  inner  side.  —  1C . 

1.  B.  SPICANT  Desvaux. —  Tennessee  Val- 
ley. Wild-wood  Glen. 

8,    Woodwardia  L.        CHAIN -FERN. 

Sporangia  placed  on  reticulate  veinlets, 
forming  oblong  sori  on  each  side  of  the  mid- 


(334) 

rib.     Indusium  coriaceous,  attached  to  the  re- 
ceptacle, and  opening  at  the  inner  side. — 2£. 

1.     W.  RADICANS  Smith. — Common. 
9.    Asplenium  L-       SPLENWORT. 

Sori  linear,  placed  on  veinlets.  Indusium 
membranaceous,  attached  laterally  to  the  vein- 
let  and  opening  toward  the  mid-rib. — 2£. 

1.  A.  FILIX  FCEMINA  Bernh. — Marine  Hospi- 
tal. Tamalpais.  "  Lady-fern." 

10,    Aspidium  Swartz.        SHIELD-FERN. 

Sori  round,  placed  at  the  end  of  the  veinlets. 
Indusium  umbilicate,  free  on  all  sides  and  af- 
fixed by  a  column. — It . 

1.  A.  RIGIDUM  Swartz.    Indusium  reniform ; 
fronds  2-pinnate. — Common. 

Specific  against  the  tapeworm,  like  its  Euro- 
pean congener,  A.  Filix  mas. 

2.  A.    MUNITUM    Kaulfuss.      Indusium  pel- 
tate;   fronds   pinnate,    pinnae    serrate. — Com- 
mon. 

3.  A.    ACULEATUM    Swartz.     Indusium   pel- 
tate; fronds  2-pinnate,  sometimes  simply  pin- 
nate, the  pinnae  deeply  cut. — Tamalpais. 

2.    Cystopteris  Bernh.        BLADDER-FERN. 
Sori  round,  placed  on  the  middle  of  the  vein- 
let,  solitary  in  the  disc  of  the  lacinia.     Indu- 


(335) 

slum  hyaline,  laterally  affixed,  free  towards  the 
margin  of  the  frond. — It. 

1.     C.  FRAGILIS  Bernh. — Tamalpais. 

ORDER  3  STIPULATE.  Isosporous. 
Leaves  stipulate. 

Family  1.    OPHIOGLOSSEJE, 

Sporangia  capsular  developed  in  the  paren- 
chyma of  half  of  the  frond.  Vernation  not 
circinate. 

1.    Botrychium  Swartz. 

Fertile  segment  of  the  frond  a  componnd 
spike.  Sporangia  distinct,  glabrous,  distich- 
ous, nearly  2-valved. —  It. 

1.  B.  TERNATUM  Swartz. — San  Francisco. 
(Extinct.) 

Section  3.  EQUISETACEJE.  Stem  artic- 
ulate; internodes  surrounded  by  sheathing 
whorls  of  scarious  leaves.  Sporangia  on  the 
under  side  of  verticillate,  peltate  receptacles 
forming  a  terminal  spike.  Spores  oo,  each 
furnished  with  two  elaters. 

1,    Equisetum  k- 

HORSETAIL.        SCOURING-RUSH. 

Only  genus. 

1.  E.  TELMATEIA  Ehrh.  Sterile  stems  green 
with  verticillate  branches;  fertile  stems  with- 


(336) 

out  chlorophyll,  unbranched. — Marin  County, 
Contra  Costa.     Spring. 

2.  E.  ROBUSTUM  Al.  Braun.  All  stems  green 
unbranched.  —  Fort  Point.  Marin  County, 
Spring. 


ABIETINE.33 326 

Abronia 25,  200 

latifolia 200 

umbellata 200 

Acasna,  5,  6,  7,  8,  17,  25,  38 

40,  41,  250. 
trifida.... 250 

Acauthomintha 7,  51,  136 

lanceolata 136 

Acer ....23,  36,  74,  211 

macrophyllum 211 

Achillea 67,  108 

millefolium 108 

Acliyrachsena 67,  102 

inollis 102 

Actaea 48,  233 

spicata 233 

Adenocaulon 88 

bicolor 88 

Adenostoma 40,  44,  250 

fasciculatum 250 

Adenostyles 60 

Adiantum 333 

emarginatum 333 

pedatum 333 

.Esculus 35,  74,  211 

California 211 

Agrostis 12,  300 

alba 300 

exarata .   301 

scabra 301 

verticillata 301 

15 


Aira.... 13,  304 

caespitosa 304 

danthonoides 305 

elongata 305 

holciformis 304 

Alchemilla 35,  250 

arvensis 250 

Alfilerilla 205 

Alder 271 

Alisma 35,  323 

plantago 323 

ALISMACE.E 322 

Allium 33,  286 

attenuifolium  287 

lacunosum 287 

serratum 287 

uuifolium 287 

Allosorus 332 

andromedaefolius 332 

densus 332 

ornithopus 332 

Alnus 74,  271 

rhombifolia 272 

rubra 272 

Alopecurus 11,  298 

geuiculatus 298 

pratensis. 298 

Alsine 30,  42 

ALSINE.E 192 

Alum-root 187 

Alyssum 54,  227 

calycinum 227 


(338) 


Alyssum— maritimum..  .228 

AMARANTACE.E 197 

Amarantus...  .75,  77,  79,  197 

retroflexus 197 

Ambrosia 75,  92 

artemisiaefolia 92 

psilostacbya 92 

AMBROSLZE  92 

Amelanchier 45,  252 

nlnifolia 253 

Amorpha 56,  57,  262 

Californica 262 

AMPELIDE.3E 214 

Amsinckia 19,  155 

intermedia 155 

lycopsoides 156 

spectabilis 155 

tesselata 155 

AMYGDALACKE 245 

ANACARDIACKE 208 

Anagallis 20,  172 

arvensis 172 

Anaphalis 65,  90 

margaritacea 90 

Anemone 49,  237 

Grayi 237 

Anemopsis 35,  38,  279 

Californica 279 

Angelica 28,  178 

tomentosa  178 

ANGIOSPERIOE 80 

ANISOCABP.ZE 80 

Anoplanthus 51,  142 

fasciculatus 143 

uniflorus 142 

ANTHEMIDE.E 107 

Anthemis 67,  107 


Anthemis—  cotula 107 

Anthoxanthum 1 1,  299 

odoratum 300 

ANTIRRHIXE.E 151 

Antirrhinum 53,  152 

vagans 153 

Aphyllon 51,  142,  143 

comosum. ...  143 

APHANOCYCLIC.ZE 221 

Apiastrum... 181 

angustifolium 181 

Apium 27 

Aplopappus 61,  63,  84 

ericoides 84 

linearifolius 84 

APOCYNACKE 129 

Apocynum 25,  129 

androsaemifolium 129 

cannabinum 129 

Aquilegia 49,  234 

truncata .234 

Arabis 55,  226 

blepharophylla. ......  227 

perfoliata 227 

Aralia 31,  184 

Californica 184 

ARALIACE.E 184 

Arbutus 41,  174 

Menziesii 175 

Arceutbobium 77,  267 

occidentaJe 267 

Arctostaphylos 41,  174 

Andersonii 174 

pungens 174 

tomentosa 174 

Arenaria 42,  193 

Californica  . .  . .  193 


(339) 


Arenaria— Douglasii  193 

macrophylla  1D3 

palustris 193 

Argemone 47,  48,  230 

hispida  230 

Aristolochia 71,  268 

Californica 268 

ABISTOLOCHLE 268 

Armeria 31,  170 

vulgaris 170 

Arnica 65,  111 

discoidea Ill 

Arrhenatherum 12,  305 

hvenaceum 305 

Arrow-grass 323 

Artemisia 61,  69,  109 

Californica 110 

drac-unculoides 110 

Ludoviciana 110 

pycnocephala 110 

Asarum 43,  268 

caudatum 268 

ASCLEPIADACKE 128 

Asclepias 128 

Mexicana 129 

speciosa 128  j 

vestita.. . .  .^ 128 

Ash'/T^  . . .  .T. 7l3lT 

Aspidium 234 

aculeatum 234 

munitum 234 

rigidum 234  I 

Asplenium 334  i 

Filix  fcemina 33i 

Aster 63,  86 

Chamissonis 86 

divaricatus  . .  86 


Aater — radnlinus 86 

ASTEROIDE^: 81 

Astragalus 58,  263 

crotalariae 263 

didymocarpus 263 

Douglasii 263 

leucophyllus. . 263 

Menziesii 263 

pycnostachyus 264 

tener 263 

Atriplex 75,  77,  79,  198 

Californicum 199 

corouatum 198 

leucophyllum 199 

patulum. ...    198 

Audibertia 7,  137 

grandiflora 137 

stachyoides 1 37 

Avena 13,  303 

Azolla 331 

Baccharis 61,  62,  67,  87 

Douglasii 87 

pilularis 87 

viminea 87 

Baeria 64,  103 

carnosa 104 

chrysostoma 104 

Fremontii 104 

gracilis 104 

macrantha 103 

uliginosa 104 

Bahia 104 

Balsamorrhiza 66,  94 

deltoidea 94 

Hookeri 94 

Baneberry 233 


(340) 


Barbarea 55,  224 

vulgaris .  .    . , 224 

Barberry 232 

Barley 314 

Bay-tree 231 

Beard-grass 300 

Beckmannia 298 

erucsBformis 298 

Bed-straw 126 

Beggar-ticks 96 

Bellflower 122 

Bent-grass 300 

BERBERIDK2E 231 

Berberis 31,  232 

aquifolium 232 

nervosa  . . . ...  232 

pinnata 232 

repens 232 

Berula 28,  180 

angustifolia 180 

BETULACE^J 271 

Bidens 62,  68,  96 

chrysanthemoides 96 

Big-root 122 

Big-tree 328 

Bigelovia 60,  63,  84 

arborescens 84 

Bind-weed 168 

Bitter-Cress 227 

Blackberry 247 

Bladder-fern 334 

Bladderwort 170 

Blechmim 333 

spicaut 333 

Bleeding-heart 228 

Blennosperma 69,  106 

Californicum..,  ..107 


Blue-Curls 132 

Blue- eyed  Grass 282 

Blue-pine 326 

Boisduvalia 37,  244 

cleistogama 244 

densiflora , 244 

glabella 244 

BORRAGINE^; 155 

Botrychium 335 

ternatum 335 

Bottle  brush  grass 315 

Bowlesia 27,  183 

lobata 184 

Boykinia 30,  186 

occidentalis. 186 

Box-Elder 211 

Brass-buttons 109 

Bracken 332 

Brake 332 

Brassica 56,  225 

campestris 225 

nigra 225 

Brickellia 112 

Bridal- wreath 247 

Briza 14,  310 

media 310 

Brizopyrum. 77,  307 

maritimum . .  .308 

Brodisea 8,  32,  288 

congesta 288 

grandiflora 288 

minor 288 

terrestris. 288 

^Brome-grass 311 

Bromus 14,  311 

ciliatus 312 

grandiflorus 312 


(341) 


Bromus— maximus 312 

racemosus 312 

secalinus 312 

Brooklime 148 

Brookweed 172 

Buck-bean 131 

Buckeye 211 

Bulbostylis 60,  112 

Californica.. 112 

Bulrush 320 

Bur-reed 322 

Burrielia 64,  103 

microglosaa, 103 

Buttercup .235 

Button-bush.... 126 

Cakile    54,  224 

Americana 224 

Calais... 116 

Kelloggii 117 

Lindleyi .     117 

linearifplia ,,,..;.. 117 

CalamagrQttis. .... 12,  302 

Calandrinia,   30,    35,   42,   44 
45,  195, 

Menziesii 195 

California  Lilac .213 

California  Poppy 229 

Calochortus.. 33,  290 

albus 291 

lilacinus, 291 

luteus,. lfi 291 

pulchellus 291 

venustus 291 

CALYCANTHACKE. 252 

Calycanthus 46,  252 

occidentalis 252 

15A 


CALYCIFLORAB 238 

Cdmassia 33,  287 

Campanula 22,  122 

exigua 122 

preu<mthoides 122 

CAMPANULACE.E 121 

Campion 191 

Canary-grass. , 298 

Canchalagua 130 

CAPKIFOLIACE^J 124 

Capsella 54,  223 

Bursa-pastoris 223 

Caraway , 181 

Cardamine 54,  227 

oligosperma 227 

paucisecta 227 

Carex 72,  316 

aquatilis 318 

bifida,... 317 

Deweyana 317 

Douglasii 316 

festiva ,, 317 

globosa.  318 

glomerata. 317 

Jamesii. 318 

laciniata 318 

marcida  .,,... 316 

muricata.. . . , . 317 

nndata 318 

paniculata 317 

pseudocyperus 319 

Sitchensis 318 

Carrot... 176 

Carthamus 62 

Carum ...........28,  181 

Kelloggii.. 181 

CARYOPHYLLALES 190 


Cascara  sagrada 212 

Castanopsis 76,  270 

chrysophylla 271 

Castilleia 52,  147 

affinis 147 

foliolosa 147 

latifolia 147 

parviflora . .  147 

Catchfly 191 

Caterpillar- grass 298 

Cat-tail 322 

Caucalis 29,  175 

microcarpa 176 

nodosa. 175 

Caulanthus 55,  225 

procerus 225 

Ceanothus 23,  213 

crassifolius 214 

cuneatus 214 

dentatus 213 

divaricatus 213 

papillosus 214 

thyrsiflorus 213 

CELASTRACRE 214 

CELASTRALES 212 

Centaurea 62,  68,  114 

bendicta 114 

melitensis J 14 

CENTROSPERM.2B 190,   234 

Cephalanthus 126 

occidentalis 126 

Cerastium 43,  192 

arvense 192 

pilosum 192 

Ceratochha 312 

CERATOPHYLLE.E 279 

Ceratophyllum 75,  280 


Ceratophyllum  —  demer- 

sum 280 

Cercis 39,  265 

occidentalis     265 

Chamactis 61,  106 

lanosa 106 

Chain- fern 333 

Chamomile 108 

Cbapparal 213 

Cheilanthes 331 

Californica 331 

myriophylla 331 

Cheiranthus 55,  226 

Chemisal 250 

CHENOPODIACE2E 197 

CHENOPODIALES 197 

Chenopodiuni  5,  7,  8,  25,  197 

album 197 

ambrosioides 198 

Calif  ornicum 198 

murale 198 

Cherry 246 

Chickweed 192 

Chinquapin 27 

Chlorogalum 34,  286 

pomeridianum 286 

Chorizanthe..l5,  34,  39,  277 

Douglasii 278 

membranacea. 278 

pungens 278 

Chrysanthemum 108 

segetum 108 

Chrysopsis 61,  63,  84 

Oregana 84 

sessiliflora 84 

Cicendia 16,  130 

ClCHORIACE^E  .  .  .  .  115 


(343) 


Cicuta.. 28,  180 

Bolanderi 180 

Californica 180 

maculata 180 

CISTINE^: 217 

Clarkia 37,243 

elegans 244 

Claytonia 30,  195 

Chamissonis 196 

linearis 196 

parviflora 196 

perfoliata 196 

Sibirica 195 

spathulata 196 

Cleavers 126 

Clematis 49,  237 

lasiantha 237 

lignsticifolia 237 

Clintonia 33,  285 

Andre  wsiana 285 

Clover 256 

Cnicus 62,  112 

Americanus 113 

Breweri 114 

edulis 113 

fontinalis 113 

Hallii 113 

occidentalis 113 

quercetorum 113 

Cocklebur 93 

Coinogyne 63,  103 

carnosa 103 

Collinsia 53,  152 

bartsiasfolia 152 

bicolor 152 

parviflora 152 

sparsiflora 152 


Collomia  21,  167 

gilioides  168 

gracilis 167 

heterophylla 168 

Columbine 234 

COMPOSITE 80 

CONIFERS 326 

Coninm 29,  181 

maculatum 182 

CONVOLVULACRE 168 

Convolvulus 21,  168 

arvensis 169 

Calif  ornicus 169 

luteolus 169 

pentapetaloides 169 

Soldanella 168 

Coral-root 281 

Corallorhiza 71,  281 

Bigelovii 282 

multiflora 282 

Cordylanthus 7,  52,  144 

filifolius 144 

maritimus 144 

mollis 144 

pilosus 144 

Corethrogyne 68,  85 

obovata 85 

Corn-spurrey 194 

CORNACE.2B 185 

Cornel 185 

CORNICULAT^! 186 

Cornus 17,  185 

Californica 185 

Nuttallii 185 

CORONARY 283 

Corylus 76,  271 

rostrata  . .  . .  271 


(344) 


Cotton-grass 321 

Oottonwood 217 

Cotula 109 

Australia 109 

coronopifolia 10.) 

Cotyledon 43,  189 

csespitosa 189 

Cow-parsnip 176 

CRASSULACE.E 189 

Cream  Cups 228,  229 

Cressa 169 

cretica  . , 169 

Croton...... 79,  201 

Calif ornicus 201 

CRUCIFER2E 221 

CKUCIFLOB^E 221 

CRYPTOGAMS 329 

CUCURBITACE.E 122 

CUPULIFER2E 268 

CUPRESSINES 328 

Cupressus. 73,  328 

Goveniana. ... . . 328 

macrocarpa 328 

Currant 188 

Cusouta,  ,,,.....  18,  26,  169 

salina.... 170 

subinclusa, 170 

Cyanotris... 33,  287 

esculenta. 287 

CYNAROIDE.S:. 112 

Cynodon. ........ ..11,  303 

dactylon. ........ 303 

Cynoglossum ......  19,  158 

grande , , 158 

CYPERACES  .......  316 

Cyperus...,  ,,,.5,  9,  15,  321 

aristatus...  ..321 


Cyperus— diandrus 321 

Cypress 328 

Cypripedium 71,  282 

montanum 282 

Cystopteris 334 

fragilisi 335 

Dactylis 13,  306 

glomerata 306 

Dandelion 120 

Danthonia 13,  303 

Calif  ornica 303 

DAPHNALES 266 

Darnel 313 

Datisca, ......15,  218 

DATISCEJS 218 

Datura.............. 21,  154 

stramonium 154 

Daucus 29,  176 

pusillus 176 

DECANDRIA 39 

MONOGYNIA 39 

DIGYNIA 41 

TBIGYNIA 41 

TETBAGYNIA. 42 

PENTAGYNIA. 42 

POLYGYNIA.  . 43 

Deer-fern 333 

Delphinium 48,  233 

Califqrnicum 233 

decorum 234 

nudicaule 233 

simplex 234 

variegatum 234 

Dendromecon 47,  229 

rigidus 229 

Deweya 29,  182 


(345) 


Deweya — Hartwegi 182 

Kelloggii.. 182 

Dej-euxia.  302 

Aleutica 302 

DIADELPHIA 57 

DlANDB^E 131 

DlANDRIA 5 

DI-TRI-TETRAGYNIA 7 

MONOGYNIA 5 

Dicentra  57,  228 

chrysantha 228 

formosa 228 

Dichondra 168 

repens. .  168 

DICHOTOMY ....  329 

DlCOTYLEDONES 80 

DlDYNAMIA 49 

ANGIOSPERMIA 51 

GYMNOSPERMIA 49 

DlGITALE^ 151 

DICECIA 76 

DlANDRIA 76 

DODECANDRIA 79 

HEXANDRIA 79 

ICOSANDRIA 79 

OCTANDRIA 79 

PENTANDRIA 78 

POLYAXDRIA 79 

SYNGENESIA 79 

TETRANDRIA 77 

TRIANDBIA 77 

Diplac-ns 52,  150 

glutinosus 150 

DIPSACE2E 123 

Dipsacus 16,  123 

fullonum 123 

Dirca..  ..38,266 


Dirca— occidentals 266 

DISCOPHOR.E 175 

Distichlis 307 

Dock 274 

Dodder 169 

DODECANDRIA 43 

MONOGYNIA 43 

PENTAGYNIA 44 

Dodecatheon 19,  171 

Meadia 171 

Dogbane 129 

Dogwood 185 

Douglas  Spruce 327 

Downingia 22,  56,  70 

Duckweed 325 

Dutchman's  Pipe 268 

Echeveria 43,  189 

Echinocystis 122 

Echinospermum 19 

Eel-grass 325 

Elder 124 

Eleocharis 9,  15,  320 

Ellisia  20,  26,  161 

chrysanthemifolia 162 

Elymus 10,315 

arenarius 315 

condensatus 315 

Sibiricus 315 

Sitanioii 315 

Emmenanthe 26,  159 

penduliflora    159 

ENNEANDBIA 38 

EPIGYN^E 80,  282 

Epilobium 36,  240 

Franciscanuni 241 

nrinutum 241 


(346) 


Epipactis 70,  280 

gigantea 280 

EQUISETACE.E 335 

Equisetum 335 

Telmateia 335 

robustum 336 

Eragrostis 13,310 

poaeoides 310 

Eremocarpus 75,200 

setiger 200 

ERICACE^: 173 

ERICALES 172 

Erigeron 63,  68,  86 

Canadensis 87 

glaucus 87 

Philadelphicus 87 

stenophyllus 86 

Eriodictyon 26,  158 

glutinosum 159 

Eriogonum 38,  276 

angulosum 270 

gracile 277 

latifolium 277 

nudum 277 

truncatum 277 

viorineum 277 

virgatum 277 

Eriophorum 9,  15,  321 

gracile  . .321 

Eriophylluru 64,  10 1 

cffispitosum 105 

confertiflomm 105 

staechadifolium 105 

Eritrichium 19,  156,  157 

Erodium 24,  39,  56,  205 

botrys 205 

cicutarium  .  .  .205 


E  odium-macrophyllum .  205 
moschatum 205 

Eryngium 27,  183 

petiolatum 183 

Eryngo 183 

Erysimum 55,  225 

asperum 225 

Erytlmea 20,  130 

Douglasii 131 

floribunda 130 

Mnhlenbergii 130 

trichantha. . 131 

venusta 131 

Eschscholtzia. . .  .45,  47,  229 
Californica.  230 

Esparto  Grass 315 

Eucharidium 17,  244 

concinuum 244 

EUCYCLIC^: 200 

Eunanus 53,  151 

Douglasii 151 

Euonymus 16,  2S,  214 

occidentalis 214 

EUPATOKIACKE 112 

Euphorbia 71,  201 

lathyris 202 

leptocera 202 

ocellata 201 

serpyllifolia 201 

EUPHORBIACKE 200 

Evax 68,  70,  89 

caulescens 89 

Evening  Primrose 240 

Everlasting 90 

False  Indigo 262 

False  Solomon's-Seal 284 


(347) 


Fatsia 184 

Feather-grass 301 

Ferula 176 

Californica 176 

Fescue  Grass 310 

Festuca 5,  7,  14,  310 

microstachys 311 

myurus 310 

ovina 311 

pauciflora 311 

scabrella 311 

FICOIDKE 190 

FICOIDALES 190 

Fig- marigold 190 

Figwort 153 

Filago 65,  68,  89 

Californica 90 

FILICES 331 

FILICINEJE 330 

Fimbristylis    9,  15,  319 

miliacea 319 

Five-finger 233,  249 

Flax ...206 

Fleabane 86 

Fool's  Parsley 178 

Foxtail 298 

Fragaria 47,  248 

Californica 248 

Chilensis 248 

Frankenia. . .  .24,  32,  35,  219 
grandiflora 219 

FRANKENIACE2E 219 

Frauseria 75,  93 

bipiunatifida 93 

Chamissonis 93 

FraximiB 6,  72,  76,  132 

dipetala , 132 


Fraxinus— Oregana 132 

Fritillaria 32,  290 

FUMARIACEJE 228 

Galium 16,  126 

Andrewsii 127 

aparine 126 

asperrimuin 127 

boreale 126 

Calif  ornicum 127 

Nuttallii 127 

trifidum 126 

triflorum 127 

GAMOPETAL^E 80 

Garrya 78,  185 

elliptica 185 

Fremontii 185 

Gastridium 12,  301 

australe 301 

Gaultheria 40,  173 

Shallon 174 

Gayophytum 17,  37,  241 

diffusum 241 

Gentian 131 

Gentiana 16,  20,  26,  131 

Oregana 131 

GENTIAXACILE 130 

GENTIANALES 128 

GERANIACE2E 204 

GERANIALES.  204 

Geranium 39,  56,  205 

Carolinianum 205 

Giant  Hyssop 137 

Gilia 21,  163 

achille&folia 166 

androsacea 163 

capitata 166 


(348) 


Gilia— ciliata 164 

cotulsefolia 165 

densifolia 166 

densiflora 163 

dichotoma ... 163 

inconspicua 167 

intertexta 165 

micrantha 164 

multicaulis 167 

leucocephala 165 

pusilla 163 

squarrosa 164 

tenella 164 

tricolor 167 

virgata 166 

viscidula 165 

Githopsis 22,  121 

specularioides 121 

Glaux 24,  171 

maritima 171 

GLTTMACEJE 296 

Glyceria 14,308 

paucifloia 308 

Glycyrrhiza.. 58,  262 

lepidota 263 

Godetia 37,  242 

amcena 243 

epilobioides 243 

lepida 243 

purpurea 243 

quadrivulnera 243 

tenella 243 

Golden  Aster 84 

Golden-rod ... 85 

Gold-fern 331 

Gooseberry 188 

GRAMINEJE...  ..296 


Grape 215 

Gratiola 149 

ebracteata 149 

GRATIOLKS;. 148 

Greasewood. 250 

Grindelia 61,  64,  81 

cuneifolia 82 

glutiuosa 82 

hirsutula 82 

robusta 82 

Groundsel  Ill 

Gum-plant 81 

Gutierrezia 64,  81 

Californica 81 

GUTTIFERALES 215 

Gymnogramme 331 

triangularis 331 

GYMNOSPEBM.E 326 

Gymnostichum 10,  315 

Calif  ornicum 316 

GYNANDR.E 280 

GYNANDRIA 70 

DIANDRIA 71 

HEXANDRIA 71 

MONANDRIA 71 

Habenaria 70,  281 

elegans 281 

leucostachys 281 

Hair-grass 304 

HALORRHAGID^: 239 

Hawkweed 119 

Hazel.,,.. 271 

Hedge-nettle 139 

HELENIE2E 103 

Helenium. 65,  107 

puberulum ...   107 


(349) 


HELIANTHEJE 95 

Helianthella 68,  95 

Californica 95 

Helianthenmm 48,  217 

scoparium 217 

Helianthella 68,  95 

Californica 95 

Helianthus... 68,  95 

annuus 95 

Californicus 96 

exilis.. 95 

scaberrimus 95 

Heliotrope 158 

Heliotropium 18,  158 

cnrassavicum 158 

HELOBIJE 322 

Hemizouia...  66,  68,  70,  98 

angustifolia 99 

corymbosa   ...   99 

luzulffifolia 98 

macradenia 98 

mnltiglandulosa 100 

Parryi 99 

pungens 99 

truncata 100 

Hemlock 181 

Hendecandra 79,  201 

procumbens 201 

HEPTANDRIA 35 

MONOGYNIA 35 

POLYGYNIA 35 

TRIGYNIA 35 

Heracleum 29,  176 

lanatum 176 

Hesperocnide 73,  273 

tenella 274 

Hetercodon  .    ...... .22,  122 

16 


Hetercodon— rariflorus.. .  122 

Heleromeles 45,  252 

Heuchera 26,  30,  187 

micrantha 187 

pilosissima 188 

HEXANDRIA 31 

HEX-POLYGYNIA 31 

MONOGYNIA 35 

TRIGYNIA 34 

Hieracium 60,   119 

albiflorum 119 

Hierochloa 12,  299 

macrophylla 299 

Hippuris 5,  239 

vulgaris 239 

Holcus 13,  305 

lanatus -306 

Holozonia 66,  69,  100 

tilipes    100 

Holy  Grass     .299 

Honeysuckle  ...    125 

Hop-tree 208 

Hordeum 10,  314 

jubatum 314 

murinum 314 

nodosum 314 

Horehound 138 

Horkelia 45,  46 

Horsetail 335 

Hosackia 58,  260,  261 

bracbycarpa 261 

gracilis 260 

parviflora 260 

Purshiana 260 

stipularis 260 

strigosa 260 

subpiiinata 260 


(350) 


Hound's-tongue 158 

Huckleberry 175 

Hydrocotyle '..27,  181 

prolifera   184 

ranunculoides 18 1 

HYDROPHYLLES: 158 

HYPERICINE,E 215 

Hypericum 46,  59,  215 

anagalloides 216 

concinnum 215 

Hypochseris   59,  115 

glabra 116 

HYPOGYKE 128 

ICOSANDRIA 41 

DI  -  TRI  -  TETRA  -  PENTA  - 

GYNIA 45 

MOXOGYNIA 47 

POLYGYNIA 46 

Indian  Hemp 129,  130 

INULE^E 88 

IRIDACE.E 282 

Iris 8,283 

Douglasiana 283 

longipetala 283 

macrosiphon 283 

IsocARPioaE 170 

ISOETKE 329 

Isoetes 329 

Isolepis 319 

carinata 319 

riparia 319 

Iva ..66,  70,  76,  92 

axillaris  92 

Jacob's-ladder 163 

Jaumea  . .  .  .  103 


Judas  Tree 

JUGLANDE^E  . .  

Juglans 74, 

Californica  ...    

JULIFLOR  JE 

JUNCACE.E 

JUXCAGINE.S: 

Juncus 34, 

Balticus 

Breweri 

bufonius  .  . . 


compressus 

effusus  

falcatus 

Kelloggii 

Leseurii 

patens 

phseocephalus 

robustus 

t-nuis 

xiphoides 

Jnne-Berry 

Juniper  .    

Juniperus 78, 

Califoruica 

Jussiaea 36,  40, 

repens 


265 
.209 

209 
.209 

268 
.293 

323 

294 
.294 
.294 
.295 
.294 
.295 
.295 
.295 
.294 
.295 
.295 
.294 

295 
.295 
.252 

3?8 

328 
329 

'240 
240 


Knot-grass.  • 275 

Koeleria 13,  306 

cristata 307 

Krynitzkia     19,  156 

ambigua 156 

Californica 157 

Chorisiana 57 

leiocarpa    156 

muriculata  .  .  ..156 


(351) 


Krynitzkia — oxycarya.. . .  157 
Torreyana 156 

LABIATJS 132 

Ladies'-Tresses 281 

Lady's-Mantle 250 

Lady's-slipper 282 

Lagophylla 67,  69,  100 

cougesta 101 

ramosissima ...  101 

LAMIALES 132 

Larkspur 233 

Lastarrisea 15,  278 

Chilense 278- 

Lastheuia 64,  105 

Califoruica 106 

glaberrima 106 

glabrata 106 

Lathyrus 58,  265 

littoralis 265 

palustris 265 

vestitus 265 

LAURINE.X 230 

Lavatera         £7,  202 

assurgentiflora 230 

Layia 67,  101 

calliglossa 102 

ehrysanthemoides 102 

caruosa 101 

elegans 101 

gaillardioides 102 

heterotricha 101 

hieracioides 102 

platyglosaa 102 

Leatherwood 266 

LEGUMINOS.S: 253 

Lemna 6,  325 


Lemna— gibba 326 

minor .326 

trisulca 325 

Valdiviana 325 

LEMNACE^E 325 

LENTIBULABIA  170 

Lepidium 6,  54,  222 

latipes 223 

nitidum 223 

Lepigonum 194 

Leptosyne 66,  96 

Stillmani 96 

Lepturus 10,  312 

incurvatus 313 

Lessingia 61,  63,  83 

Germanorum 83 

leptoclada 83 

ramulosa 83 

Libocednis 73 

LIGULIFLOB.® 115 

Ligusticum 178 

apiif  olium 178 

Lilsea 71,  324 

subulata 325 

LILIACEAS 285 

Lilium.. ...33,  289 

pardalinum 290 

Lily 289 

LIMN  ANTHER 207 

Limnantbes 40,  207 

alba 208 

Douglasii 208 

Limosella 51,  148 

aquatica 148 

Linaria 53,  153 

Cauadensis 153 

..206 


(  352  ) 


Linum 30,  31,  206 

Breweri  .  . 207 

Calif  ornicum 207 

congestum 207 

perenne 206 

spergulimim 207 

Liquorice 362 

Lip-fern 331 

Lippia 53,  140 

nodiflora 140 

LOASACE.PE 217 

Loco-weed 263 

Lolium 10,  313 

perenne 313 

temulentum 313 

Lomaria 333 

Lonicera 22,  125 

involticrata 125 

hispidula 125 

Loose-strife 245 

Lophanthus 50.  137 

urticifolius 137 

Lophochlsena 14,  308 

Calif  ornica 308 

LORANTHACE2E 266 

Lovage 178 

Lupine 253 

Lupinus 56,  57,  253 

affinis 255 

albicaulis 255 

arboreus 254 

Chamissonis 254 

densiflorus 256 

Douglasii 254 

littoralis 255 

micranthus 256 

microcarpus 256 


Lupinus — nanus 255 

polyphyllus 254 

rivularis 254 

trifidus 256 

truncatus 256 

Luzula 34,  296 

comosa 296 

LYCOPODIACEJC 329 

Lycopus 7,  133 

lucidus 133 

LYTHRABI^: 245 

Ly thrum ....32,  44,  245 

alatum 245 

Madia 62,66,70,  97 

dissitiflora 97 

elegans 97 

filipes 98 

Nuttallii 97 

radiata 97 

sativa 97 

Madrofia 174 

Maianthemum 17,  284 

bifolium 284 

Maiden's-Hair 333 

Malacothrix 59,  118 

Californica 118 

Cleveland! 118 

obtusa 118 

Mallow 203 

Malva 57,  203 

borealis 203 

MALVACE2E.     202 

MALVALES 202 

Malvastrum 204 

Thurberi 204 

Manzanita 174 


(353  ) 


Maple 211 

Mare's-tail 239 

Mariposa 290 

Marrubium 49,  138 

vulgar-.   139 

Marsh- tieabane 88 

Marsitea 330 

vestita 330 

Matricaria 62,  J08 

discoidea 108 

occidentalis 108 

Mayweed 107 

Meadow-rue 237 

Meconopsis 47,  230 

heterophylla 230 

Medicago 58,  259 

denticulata 259 

lupuliua. 259 

sativa 259 

Medic!? 259 

Megarrhiza 73,  122 

Calif  arnica 123 

fabacea 1 23 

inarah 123 

MELANTHACR® 29 

Melica 13,  307 

b:  omoides 307 

bulbosa 307 

Harfordii 307 

imperfecta 307 

Melic-grass 307 

Melilot   258 

Melilotus 58,  258 

parviflora 259 

Mentha 50,  133 

Canadensis 133 

piperita 133 


i  Mentha— viridis    133 

I  Menyauthes.   20,  131 

trifoliata 131 

j  Meutzelia 46,59,  218 

Ittjvicaulis 218 

Lindleyi 218 

Meseinbryanthemum..46,  47 

190. 
aequilaterale 190 

|    MICRANTH2E 296 

j  Microcala 16    130 

quadrangularis 130 

I  Micro  in  eria. 50,  135 

Douglasii 135 

1  Micropus 65,  88 

Calif  or  nicus 88 

Microseris 59,  116,  117 

acuminata 117 

aphantocarpha 118 

attenuata 117 

Bigelovii 118 

Douglasii... 117 

elegans 118 

j  Milkweed .   128 

Milkwort 171 

Mimetanthe 52,  149 

pilusa 149 

Mhnulus 52,  54,  149 

cardinalis 150 

iuconspicuus 149 

luteus 150 

moschatus 150 

nasutus 149 

Miner's-lettuce    195 

Mint 133 

Mistletoe 267 

Mistletoe  (pine) 267 


(  354  ) 


MONADELPHIA 56 

DECANDRIA 56 

OCTANDRIA 56 

PENTANDRIA 56 

POLYANDHIA  57 

TRIANDRIA ...  56 

MONANDRIA 5 

DI-TRI-TETRAGYNIA  ....  5 

MONOGYJSIA 5 

Mouardella 50,  134 

Breweii 134 

Douglasii 134 

Lmceolata 134 

undulata 134 

villosa 134 

Monkey-flower 149,  150 

MONOCHLAMYDEJE 267 

MONOCOTYLEDONES 280 

MONCECIA 71 

DIANDRIA 72 

MONANDEIA 71 

PENT — POLYANDRIA 74 

TETRANDRIA 73 

TBIANDRTA .    72 

MONOGAMIA. 70 

Mouolopia 64,  105 

gracilens 105 

major 105 

Monterey-pine   327 

Montia 8,  196 

fontana 197 

Morning-glory 168 

Mountain  Mahogany. . .  .250 

Mountain  Mint 133 

Mouse-ear  Chickweed  . . .  192 

Mousetail 236 

Mudwort..  ..148 


Muilla 32,  289 

maritima 289 

Mustard 225 

Myosurus.. 31,  49,  236 

minimus 236 

MYRICACEJE 272 

Myrica 76,  272 

Californica 272 

Myriophyllum 74,  239 

spicatum 239 

MYRTALES 238 

NAIADACE.E 324 

Naias  (Najas) 71 

Nardosmia  69,  110 

palmata Ill 

Nasturtium 55,  223 

officinale 223 

Negundo..l8,  25,  77,  78,  211 

Calif  ornicum 212 

Neillia 45,  247 

opulifolia. 247 

Neniophila 20,  26 

Nettle 273 

Nicotiana 21,  154 

Bigelovii 155 

Nightshade. 153 

Nine-bark 247 

Nuphar 238 

polysepalum 2:j8 

Nutmeg  Pine 326 

Nuttallia 44,  45,  246 

cerasiformis 246 

NYCTAGINILE 199 

238 


269 


Oak. 


(  355  ) 


OCTANDRIA 36 

DI-TRIGYNIA 38 

MONOGYNIA 36 

TETRAGYNIA 38 

(Enanthe 28,  178 

California 178 

(Enothera.. 37,  241 

biennis 241 

Californica 242 

Cheiraotkifolia 242 

dentata 242 

micrantha 242 

ovata 242 

strigulosa    . .    242 

OLEACE^: 131 

ONAGEACE^S 239 

Onion 286 

OPHIOGLOSSE^: 335 

Orache 198 

Orchard  grass. 306 

ORCHIDACE^B 280 

Oreodaphne 38,  231 

Californica 231 

OROBANCHACEJB 142 

Osmorrhiza 29,  179 

brachypoda 179 

nuda. 179 

OXALIDEJE ...206 

Oxalis 43,  56,  206 

oorniculata 206 

Oregana 206 

Paeonia 49,  232 

Brownii 233 

Painted-Cup 147 

Panax 27,  184 

horridum. . ,  . .  184 


Pauicuin 10,  290 

PAPAVERACE.E 228 

PAPILIONACEJE 253 

PARIETALES 217 

PARONYCHIJS 194 

Pearly-Everlasting 90 

Pearlwort 193 

Pectocarya 19,  157 

pevicillata 158 

Pedicularis 51,  143 

densiflora 143 

Pellcea 332 

Pentac»na....l4,  24,  27,  194 

ramosissima 195 

Pentachrcta 61,63,  82 

alsinoides 83 

bellidiflora 82 

exilis 83 

PENTANDRIA 18 

DIGYNIA 25 

MONOGYNIA      .       18 

PENTAGYNIA 31 

POLYGYNIA 31 

TRIGYNIA 31 

Pentstemon 21,  53,  151 

azureus 151 

centranthif  olius 151 

Peony 232 

Peppergrass 222 

PRIGYN^J    238 

PERSONALES 142 

Petasites     110 

Peucedanum 29,  177 

caruifolium 177 

dasycarpum 177 

leiocarpum 177 

triternatum 177 


(356) 


Peucedanum  —  u  t  r  i  c  u  • 

latum 177 

Phacelia 26,  160 

ciliata 161 

circinata . .   160 

divaricata 161 

distans 10 

hispida 160 

malvaefolia 160 

tanacetifolia 161 

Phalaris 11,  298 

amethystina 299 

arundinacea 299 

Canariensis 298 

intermedia 299 

PHANEROGAMS 80 

PHILADELPHB^I 189 

Pbleum 11,  297 

alpintim 297 

pratense 297 

Phoradendron  . .  .73,  77,  267 

flavescens 267 

Photinia 45,  252 

arbutifolia 252 

Phragmites 12,  306 

communis 306 

Pickeringia 39,  253 

montana 253 

Pigweed 197 

Pilularia 330 

Americana 330 

Pimpernel 172 

Pimpinella 28,  180 

apiodora .  181 

Pin-clover 205 

Pine ..326 

Pinus .72,  326 


Pinus — insignis 327 

nmricata 327 

Sabiniana 327 

tubeiculata 327 

PIPERALES 279 

Plagiobothrys 19,  157 

canescens 157 

nothofulvus 157 

PLANTAGiNE.33 140 

Plantago 16,  141 

lanceolata 141 

major  141 

maritima 141 

Patagonica 141 

Plantain 141 

PLATANES 272 

Platanus 76,  273 

racemosa 273 

Platystemon. 48,  228 

Calif  ovnicus 229 

Platystigma 48,  229 

Calif  ornicnm 229 

liueare 229 

Plectritis 8,  124 

congesta » 124 

macrocera 124 

Plnehea 65,  88 

camphorata 88 

Plum 246 

PLUMBAGINES 170 

Poa 13,  309 

annua 309 

Culifornica 309 

distans ....309 

Douglasii 310 

pratensis 309 

scabrella  . .  . .  309 


(357) 


Poa— tenuifolw 309 

trivialis 309 

Pogogyne 50,  135 

Douglasii 135 

parviflora 135 

serpylloides 135 

POLEMONIACKE 162 

POLEMONIALES 153 

Polemonium 21,  163 

carneum 163 

POLYADELPHIA 59 

POLYANDRIA 47 

DI  -  TRI  -  TETRA  -  PENTA  - 
POLYGYNIA 48 

MONOGYNIA 47 

PoLYCARPioas 230,  322 

Poly  gala 56,  57,  210 

cuoullata 210 

POLYGALACE^J 210 

POLYGONACE^! 274 

Polygonum 24,  38,  275 

aviculare  275 

Californicuin 275 

convolvulus 276 

Muhlenberghii 276 

nodosum ,  276 

paronychia 275 

POLYPETAKE 175 

POLYPODIACE2B 331 

Polypodium 332 

Scouleri 332 

vulgaris 332 

Polypody 332 

Polypogon 11,  300 

littoralis 300 

Monspeliensis 300 

PoMACEja. .  ..252 


Pondweed 323 

Poplar 217 

Populus 79,  217 

trichocarpa 217 

POTAME^J 323 

Potamogeton  18,  323 

lucens 324 

natans 324 

pauciflorus  , 324 

pectinatus 324 

Potentilla 46,  249 

anserina 249 

glandulosa 249 

Portulaca,  35,  36,  42,   43,  45 

195. 
oleracea 195 

PORTULACACES; 195 

Prickly  Poppy 230 

PRIMULACE^E 171 

PRIMULALES 170 

Prosartes 33,  284 

Hookeri 285 

Menziesii 285 

Prunella 50,  138 

vulgaris 138 

Prunus 246 

demiBsa 246 

emarginata 246 

ilicifolia 246 

Pseudotsuga. . 327 

Douglasii 327 

Psilocarphus 67,  70,  89 

Oreganus 89 

tenellus 89 

Psoralea 57,  58,  261 

macrostachya 262 

orbicularis 261 


(358) 


Psoralea— physodes 262 

strobilina 262 

Ptelea,  17,  24,  73,  74,  77,  78 
208. 

angnstifolia 208 

Pteris S32 

aquilina 333 

Pterostegia 34,  278 

drymarioides 278 

Pugiopappus 66,  96 

calliopsideus 96 

Purslane 195 

Pyenanthemuin 50,  133 

Californicum 134 

Pyrola 39,  173 

aphylla 173 

PYROLACEJE 172 

Quaking-grass 310 

Quercus 76,  269 

agrifolia 270 

chrysolepis 269 

densiflora 270 

Douglasii 269 

duinosa 269 

Kelloggii 270 

lobata 269 

Wislizenii 270 

Quillwort 329 

Quinine-Tree 185 

Kadish 221 

Rafinesquia, 59,  115 

Californica 115 

Ragweed 92 

RANALES 237 

RANUNCULACE^E.  . .  . .  232 


Ranunculus 49,  235 

aquatilis 236 

Bloomeri 235 

Calif  ornicus 235 

flammula 236 

hebecarpus 235 

Lobbii 236 

maximus 235 

muricatus 235 

pusillus 236 

Raphanus 54,  221 

sativus 222 

Raspberry 247 

Rattleweed 263 

Redwood 328 

Reed 306 

RHAMNACE.E   212 

Rhamnus 23,  78,  212 

Calif  oruica 212 

Crocea 212 

Purshiana 212 

RHINANTHE.S:  .    143 

RHIZANTHE2E 267 

RHIZOCARP.E 330 

Rhododendron 40,  173 

occidentale 173 

RHODOBACE^I 173 

Rhus...  ...30,  74,  78,  82,  209 

aromatica 209 

diversiloba 209 

Ribes 24,  30,  188 

aureum 188 

divaricatum 188 

Menziesii 188 

sanguineum 188 

Rigiopappus 64,  106 

leptocladus — see  Errata. 


(359) 


Rock-brake 332 

Rock-cress 226 

Rock-rose 217 

Romanzoffia 20,  159 

Sitchensis 159 

Rosa 46,  251 

Californica 251 

gymnocarpa 251 

Rose 251 

ROSACES 251 

ROSIFLOR2E 245 

RUBIACE.ZE 126 

RUBIALES 133 

Rubus 46,  247 

leucodermis 248 

Nutkanus 247 

spectabilis 247 

uroiuus 248 

Rumex 34,  79,  274 

acetosella 275 

conglomerates    275 

crispus 274 

obtusifolius    .... 275 

salicifolius 274 

RUTACEJE...  ..208 


136 

s-brush 109 

Sagina 31,  42,  193 

occidentalis 193 

SALICINEJE 216 

Salicornia 5,  199 

ambigua 199 

Salix 76,77,  216 

Coulter! 217 

lasvigata 216 

lasiandra  . .  . .  .216 


Salix— lasiolepis 216 

longifolia 216 

Salvia 7,  136 

carduacea 136 

Columbarias 137 

SALVINIACELE 330 

Sambucus 30,  124 

glauca 124 

Samolus 22,  41,  172 

Valerandi 172 

Samphire 199 

Sand-spurrey . .  .194 

Sandwort 193 

Sanicle 182 

Sanicula 27,  182 

Sanguisorba 18 

SANGUISORBACEJE 249 

SAPINDACEJS 210 

SAPINDALES 210 

SAURUREJB 279 

Saxifraga 41,  186 

Virginica 186 

SAXIFRAGACE.S: 186 

Saxifrage 186 

Scirpus 6,  15,  69,  320 

acicularis 320 

lacustris .   . .  320 

maritimus 320 

Olneyi 320 

palustris 320 

Tatora  320 

sylvaticus 320 

Scoliopus 8,  292 

Bigelovii 292 

Scorzonella 116 

paludosa 116 

procera 116 


(360 


Scorzonella— sylvatica  . .  116 

Scouring-rush 335 

Scrophularia 53,  153 

California 153 

SCROPHULARI.E    143 

Scutellaria 50,  138 

Californica 138 

tuberosa 138 

Sea-blite 199 

Sea-lavender  171 

Sea-Kocket 224 

Sedge 316 

Sedum 43,  189 

spathulifolium 189 

stenopetalum 189 

Selaginella 329 

rupestris 329 

SELAGINELLE^ 329 

Self-heal 138 

Selinum 28,  178 

Pacificum 178 

Senebiera 54,  222 

didyma 222 

Senecio 61,  65,  111 

aronicoides Ill 

Douglasii 112 

eurycephalus Ill 

hydrophilus Ill 

vulgaris 112 

8ENECIONID.2E 110 

Sequoia 74,  328 

gigantea 328 

sempervirens 328 

SERPENTARI^I 267 

Service-berry 252 

Setaria 10 

)-sorrel 274,275 


Shepherd's-purse 223 

Shield-fern 334 

Shooting-star 171 

Sida 57,  204 

hecleracea 204 

Sidalcea 57,  203 

diploscypha 203 

humilis 203 

malachroides  ..... 203 

malvcKflora 203 

Silene 41,    191 

antirrhina 191 

Californica 191 

Gallica 191 

laciniata 191 

verecunda 192 

SILENE^ 191 

Silybum 114 

Marianum 114 

Sisymbrium 56,  224 

acutangulum  . 224 

officinale 224 

reflexum 224 

Sisyrinchium 56,  282 

bellum 283 

Calif  orni  cum 283 

Sium 28,  179 

cicutaefolium 179 

Skullcap 138 

SMILACE^E 284 

Smilacina 34,  284 

amplexicaulis 284 

sessilifolia 284 

Snapdragon 152 

Sneezeweed 107 

Snowberry 125 

Soap-root 286 


(361) 


SOLANACKE 153 

Solanum 22,  153 

nigrum 154 

umbelliferum 154 

Solidago 63,  85 

Californica  .  .  85 

occidentalis 85 

sempervirens 85 

Soliva 69,  109 

sessilis 109 

Sonchus 60,  120 

asper  . .  120 

oleraceus 120 

Sow-thistle 120 

SPADICIFLOB.S; 321 

Sparganium 72.  322 

eurycarpum 322 

Spartina 11,  202 

stricta 203 

Specularia. 22,  121 

biflora 121 

Speedwell 148 

Spergula 31,  43,  194 

arvensis 194 

Spergularia 42,  194 

macrotbeca 194 

media 194 

Sphacele 50,  136 

calycina 136 

Sphaeralcea 57,  204 

Spice-bush 252 

Spikenard 184 

Spindle-tree., 214 

Spinea 45,  46,  247 

discolor 247 

SPIR35E.E 247 

Spiiauthes 71,  281 

17 


Spiranthes— porrifolia. .  .281 

Romanzoffiana 281 

Spleenwort 334 

Spotted  Thistle 1 14 

Spurge 201 

Squirrel-tail 314 

St.  John's- wort 215 

Stachys 50,  139 

ajugoides 139 

albens. . . : 139 

bullata. 140 

Chamissonis 140 

pycnantha 139 

Star-flower    171 

Star-thistle 114 

Statice 31,  171 

limonium 171 

Stellaria 42,  192 

media 192 

nitens 193 

Stephanoraeria    ..    ..59,  115 

virgata 115 

Stipa H  ." .    .   12,  301 

eminens 302 

setigera 302 

viridula 302 

STIPULATE 335 

Stone-crop 189 

Stork's-bill 205 

Strawberry 248 

Streptanthus 55,  226 

glandulosus 226 

niger 226 

peramcenus 226 

Slylocline 65,  67,  70 

Suteda 25,  199 

Californica..  ..199 


(362) 


Sunflower 95 

Sweet  Cicely 179 

Sweet  Vernal-grass 299 

Sycamore 273 

Symphoricarpus 22,  125 

mollis 125 

racemosus 125 

SYNANDR^: 80 

SYNGENESIA 59 

JEQUALIS : 59 

FRUSTRANEA 68 

NECESSARIA 68 

SUPERFLUA 62 

Synthyris 7,  148 

rotundifolia 148 

Syrmatium 261 

cytisoides 261 

glabrum 261 

tomentosum  .....  . .  261 

Tanacetum 61,  109 

camphoratum 109 

Tansy 109 

Taraxacum 60,  120 

officinale .120 

Tar- weed 97,  98 

Tassel-tree 185 

TAXINE.E . . 326 

Teasel 123 

Tellima .......41,  186 

affinis 187 

Bolanderi 187 

grandiflora 187 

heterophylla 187 

TEREBINTH  ACEJE 208 

TEREBINTHALES  ....  208,  209 
TETRACYCLIC^J.  .  .  80 


TETRADYNAMIA 54 

SILICULOSA 54 

SILIQDOSA 54 

TETRANDRIA 16 

DIGYNIA 16 

MOXOGYNIA. 16 

Thalictrum 49,  79,  237 

Fendleri ;       237 

Thermopsis.. . 39,  253 

Californica 253 

Thistle . 112 

Thorn-apple 151 

Thrift ......    ....170 

THYMELACE.E  . . . 266 

Thysanocarpus 54,  222 

curvipes 222 

laciniatus 222 

pusillus 222 

Tiarella. ','.',  .41,  187 

unifoliata 187 

Tilkea... 14,  18,  31,  190 

augustifolia 190 

minima 190 

Timothy 297 

Toad-Flax..... 153 

Tobacco... 154 

Torreya 79,  326 

Californica. 326 

Toyon 252 

Tree-Mallow ....    202 

TRIANDRIA.. 8 

DIGYNIA 9 

MONOGYNIA 8 

TRIGYNIA 14 

Tricerastes 15,  218 

glomerata 218 

Trichostema  ..       ...51,  132 


(363) 


Tricht-stema—  lanceola- 
tum  ......... ...132 

TRICOCOE 200 

Trientalis 32,  35,  171 

latiiulia 172 

Trifolium 58,  256 

barbigerum 258 

bifidum  .......    257 

ciliatiim. 257 

depauperatum .  .258 

fueatum   . 258 

gracilentum 257 

involueratum 257 

Macnei. 257 

microcephalum 258 

microdon  . .  •, 258 

pauciflorum 258 

repens .257 

trideutatum 257 

Triglochin   .. .....34,  35,  323 

maritimum 323 

Trillium.. 32,  33,  285 

ovatum 285 

sessile 283 

Trisetrum. 304 

barbatum. . . . . 304 

canescens . .  304 

Triteleia. :.::.: 32,288 

capitata 288 

ixioides 289 

lactea,...  ....,.....,.-..  .289 

laxa.:.,. 289 

peduncularis. 289 

Triticunx ....10,  314 

repens, 314 

Tropidocarpnm 55,  223 

gracile - 223 


Troximon 60,  119 

apargioides 119 

grandiflorum. 119 

heterophyllum 120 

bundle 119 

laciniatum 119 

TUBULIFLOR.S; 81 

Turritis  glabra 227 

Twin-berry 125 

Typb.a 72,  322 

latifolia 322 

TYPHACE^J 321 

UMBELLALES 175 

UMBELLIFER^J 175 

Umbdlularia 231 

URTICALES 272 

Uitica   73,  77,  273 

holoserioea.. 273 

Lyallii. 273 

urens 273 

Utricularia 7,  170 

vulgaris 170 

VACCINEJB. 175 

Vaccinium 37,  175 

ovatum 175 

VALERIANACK2B 124 

Vaucouveria. 31,  231 

bexaudra 231 

Veuus  Looking-glass. . .  .121 

VERBASCE^S.  . 153 

Verbena 53,  140 

officinalis 140 

VERBENACELE 140 

Veronica 6,  148 

Americana...  ..148 


(364) 


Veronica— peregrina 148 

VEBOXICJB 147 

Vetch 264 

Vicia 58.  264 

Americana 264 

exigua 264 

gigantea 264 

sativa 264 

Viola 23,  220 

aurea 220 

canina 220 

lobata 221 

ocellata 220 

odorata 220 

pedunculata         220 

sarmentosa 221 

VIOLACEJS 219 

Virgin's  Bower 237 

Vitis 23,  78,215 

Californica 215 

Wake-robin 285 

Waldmeister 127 

Wall-flower 226 

Walnut 209 

Water-cress 323 

Water-fern 331 

Water- hemlock 180 

Water-horehound 133 

Water-lily..... 238 

Water-milfoil 239 

Water-parsnip 179 

Water-pennywort 184 

Water-plantain 323 

Wax-Myrtle 272 

Wheat 314 

Whipplea 30,42,  189 

modesta . .  . .  189 


Wild-Ginger 268 

Wild-Pea 265 

Wild-Rye 315 

Willow 216 

Willow-herb 240 

Winter  cress 224 

Wintergreen     173 

Wood-sorrel 206 

Wood-rush 296 

Woodwardia .  333 

radicans 334 

Wormwood 109 

Wulfenia 148 

Wyethia 66,  94 

angustifolia 95 

glabra 94 

helenioides 94 

Xanthium 93 

spinosum 93 

strumarium 93 

Xerophyllum 293 

tenax 293 

Yarrow 108 

Yedra 209 

Yellow-dock 275 

Yerba  buena 135 

Yerba  santa 158 

Yerba  mansa 279 

Zauschneria 240 

Californica 240 

Zostera 71,  325 

marina 325 

Zygadene 292 

Zygadenus 34,  292 

Fremontii 292 

venenosus 292 


APPENDIX. 


NOTE. — In  this  work,  in  order  to  conform  with  most  American 
treatises  on  botaiiy,  the  word  loculus  is  replaced  by  the  less  exact 
word  cell. 

0.       Annual. 

Q0.  Biennial. 

QJ..       Perennial. 

Tp .       Shrub  or  tree. 

tf.      Male. 

9 .      Female. 

§  .      Hermaphrodite,  i.  e.,  both  sexes  in  the  same  flower. 

oo.       Many,  or  an  indefinite  number. 

Acaulescent.    Stemless. 

Accrescent.     Increasing  with  age. 

Acerose.     Needle-shaped. 

Aculeate.     Having  sharp  points  or  prickles. 

Acuminate.     Tapering  to  a  point. 

jEqualls.     All  flowers  hermaphrodite. 

Acute.     Sharp  pointed. 

Adnate.     United  by  the  surface. 

Akene.     A  dry,  hard,  indehisceut,  1-celled,  1-seeded  fruit. 

Alveolate.    Pitted  like  a  thimble 

Ament,  Amentum.     A  unisexual  spike  with  scaly  bracts. 

AmplexlcauL     Clasping  the  stem.  ' 

Anceps,  Ancipital.     Two-edged. 

AndrcBcium.     Stamens  and  corolla. 

Androgynous.    Having  both  male  and  female  flowers. 

Angiosperm,  Angiospermce.  Bearing  seeds  in  a  closed 
pericarp. 

Anisocarpce.  Number  of  Carpels  less  than  lobes  of  Cor- 
olla. 

Annular.     King- like. 

Anther.    The  part  of  the  stamen  bearing  pollen. 

Aphyllous.    Without  leaves. 

17A 


ii  APPKND;X. 

Apetalous.     Withont  petals. 
Apocarpous.     Carpels  (Carpidia)  distinct. 
Apophyses.     E  largements,  structurally  united. 
Appressed.     Pressed  close. 
Arachmoid.     Cobwtb-like. 

Arillus.     An  expanded  appendage  attached  to  the  seed. 
Aristate.     Haviug  an  awn. 
Articulate.     Jointed. 
Ascending.    Rising,  but  not  erect. 
Asptrgilliform.     Brush-like. 
Auriculate.     Having  an  ear-like  lobe  at  the  base. 
Awn.     A  bristle-like  appendage. 

Axil.    The  angle  formed  by    a  baf  or  branch  with  the 
stem'. 

Baccate.    Berry-like. 

Barbellnte.    Having  minute  awns  with  reflexed  points. 
Basifixed.     Attached  by  the  lower  end. 
Bifid.    Two-cleft. 
Bipinnate.     Twice  pinnate. 

Bract.     A  leaf,  or  modification  of  one,  subtending  a  flower 
or  cluster. 

Bracteolate.     Haviug  secondary  bracts  upon  the  pedicel. 

Caducous.    Falling  very  early. 
Ccespitose,  Cespitose.     Growing  in  tufts.    . 
Calamus.     A  stuffed  scape. 
Calcarate.    Spurred. 
Calydne.     Calyx-like. 
Calyculate.     Calyx-like. 
Campanulate.     Bell-shaped. 
Canaliculate.     Fluted. 

Canescent.     Hoary  with  a  gray  pubescence. 
Capillary.    Very  slender  and  hair-like. 
Capitate.     Collected  into  a  head. 
Capitulate.     Diminutive  of  capitate. 
Carina.     Keel. 

Carpidia.     A  simple  pistil,  or  one  of  the  several  p  irts  of 
a  compound  pistil. 


APPENDIX.  iii 

Carpophore.  A  prolongation  of  the  axis  between  the  car- 
pels. 

Caryopsis.  Seed  inseparably  united  to  the  wall  of  the 
ovary. 

Caudate.    Tailed. 

Caulescent.    Having  a  manifest  stem. 

Cautine.    Belonging  to  the  stem. 

Centra spermcv.  Seeds  affixed  to  the  centre  of  a  1-celled 
ovary. 

Chlorophyll.    The  green  coloring  matter  of  plants. 

-chotomous.    Forked. 

Ciliate.    Fringed  with  hairs. 

Circinate.     Coiled  from  the  tip. 

Circumscissile.    Opening  by  a  transverse  circular  line. 

Cirrhate.    Tendril-bearing. 

Clavate.    Club-shaped. 

Cleistogamic.     Having  fertile  but  undeveloped  flowers. 

Coccus.    The  indehiscent  segment  of  a  compound  ovary. 

Ccelospermce.     Internal  surface  of  Endosperm  concave. 

Commissure.    The  surface  by  which  two  carpels  adhere. 

Complicate.     Folded  together. 

Conduplicate.    Doubled  together  lengthwise. 

Connate.     United  in  one. 

Connective.  The  part  of  the  filament  which  connects  the 
anther  cells. 

Contorted.     Twisted. 

Convolute.     Rolled  together  from  one  edge. 

Cordate.     Heart  shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery. 

Corniform.     Horn-shaped. 

Corolline.    Like  a  corolla. 

Corona.    Crown. 

Corymb.    A  depressed  raceme. 

Costa.     A  rib. 

Cotyledon.     The  seed  leaf  or  lobe  of  the  embryo. 

Cremocarp.    Fruit  of  Umbelliferse. 

Crenate.    Having  rounded  teeth. 


iv  APPENDIX. 

Crenulate      Finely  crenate. 

Cryptogamce.    Fructifying  without  stamens  and  pistils. 

Cucullate.    Like  a  cowl  or  hood. 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped  enlarging  upward. 

Cuneiform.     Same  as  cuneate. 

Cupula.  A  cup-shaped  involucre  inclosing  a  nut  as  in 
the  acorn. 

Cusp.     A  sharp  rigid  point. 

Cyathiform.     Cup-shaped. 

Cyme.  A  bro  id  and  flattish  inflorescence,  flowering  from 
the  centre  outward. 

Decandria      Ten  stamens. 

Declined.    Bent  or  curved  downward. 

Decompound.     Keptatedly  compound  or  divided. 

Decumbent.    Keclining  at  base,  the  summit  ascending. 

Decurrent.     Kunning  down  the  stem. 

Decussate.     In  pairs  or  threes  alternating  at  right  angles. 

Deftexed.     Bent  or  turned  down  abruptly. 

Dehiscent.    Opening  regularly  by  valves,  slits,  etc. 

Deltoid.     Broudly  triangular  like  the  Greek  letter  Delta. 

Dentate.     Toothed. 

Denticulate.     Minutely  toothed. 

Diadelphia.     Stamens  in  two  sets  or  clusters. 

Divndria      Two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.    Forking  regularly  by  pairs. 

Diclinic.    Of  separate  sexes;  unisexual. 

Dicotyledones.    Having  an  embryo  with  two  cotyledons. 

Didynamia.     Having  two  long  and  two  short  stamens. 

Diffuse.    Widely  and  loosely  spreading  or  branched. 

Digitate.    Fingered;  spreading  like  the  fingers. 

Digynia.     Two  pistils. 

Dimidiate.    Halved,  as  though  one-half  were  wanting. 

Dimorphous.     Occurring  in  two  forms. 

Dioecia.    Male  and  female  flowers  on  separate  plants. 

Distichous.     Two  ranked. 

Divaricate.     Widely  diverging. 

Dodecandria.    Having  twelve  stamens. 


APPENDIX.  V 

Dorsal.    Relating  to  the  dorsum  or  back. 
Drupe.    A  fleshy  or  pulpy  fruit  with  the  seed  inclosed  in 
a  hard  or  stony  casing. 

Ebracteate.     Without  bracts. 
Echinate.    Beset  with  hooked  prickles. 
Elater.    Coiled  elastic  thread. 
Emarginate.    Notched  at  the  extremity. 
Endosperm.    Layer  of  substance  in    the    seed    usually 
enveloping  the  germ. 
Enneandria.     Nine  stamens. 
Epicarp.     Outer  layer  of  the  pericarp. 
Epigynce.    Above  the  ovary. 
Equitant.    Astride,  as  in  leaves  of  Iris. 
Exocarp.     The  outer  portion  of  a  pericarp. 
Exserted.    Projecting  beyond  an  envelope. 
Extrorse.    Directed  outward. 

Fascicle.    A  close  bundle  or  cluster. 

Filament.  The  part  of  the  stamen  which  supports  the 
anther. 

Filiform.     Thread-shaped. 

Fimbriate.    Fringed  with  narrow  cuttings. 

Floret.    A  small  flower;  one  of  a  head. 

Foliate.    Having  leaves,  leafy. 

Foliolate.     Having  leaflets  or  small  leaves. 

Follicle.  A  pod  formed  from  a  simple  pistil  dehiscing 
only  along  the  ventral  suture. 

Foveolate.     Marked  by  minute  pits. 

Frond.     The  leaf  of  ferns,  liverworts  or  of  Lemna. 

Frustranea.  Florets  of  the  disk  hermahprodite,  of  the 
ray  neutral. 

Frutescent.    Shrnbby. 

Funicle.    The  stalk  of  an  ovule  or  seed. 

Furfuraceous.     Scurfy. 

Oalbulus.    An  indehiscent  cone,  becoming  berry-like. 
Qakate.    Formed  like  a  helmet. 
Qamopetalce.     Petals  more  or  less  united. 


Vi  APPENDIX. 

Gamosepalous .  With  more  or  less  united  or  coalescent 
sepals. 

Geminate.     Twinned;  in  pairs. 

Geniculate.     Bent  like  the  knee. 

Gibbous      Swelling  out  at  one  side. 

Glabrous.    Smooth;  without  hairs  or  roughness. 

Glaucous.  Bluish-hoary;  covered  with  a  fine  whitish 
bloom. 

Glochldiate.    Barbed  like  a  fish- hook. 

Glomcrule.     A  compact  somewhat  capitate  cyme. 

Glume.     The  chaff-like  bracts  subtending  the  spikelets. 

-gonal.     Ke'ating  to  the  angles. 

Gymnospermia.     Plants  having  naked  seed. 

Gynandria.  Having  the  stamens  adnate  to  or  borne  upon 
the  pistil. 

Gynobase.  A  short  thick  prolongation  of  the  axis  upon 
which  the  pistil  rests. 

Gyncecium.    The  pistil  or  aggregate  pistils  of  a  flower. 

Gynophore.     A  stem  bearing  the  ovary. 

Hastate.     Triangular  or  arrow-shaped. 

Heptandria.     Having  seven  stamens. 

Hermaphrodite.    Both  sexes  in  the  same  flower. 

Heterosporous.    Bearing  more  than  one  kind  of  spores. 

Hexandria.     Having  six  stamens. 

Hexagynia.     Having  six  pistils. 

Hirsute.     Having  rather  coarse  or  stiff  hairs. 

Hispid.     Beset  with  rigid  or  bristly  hairs. 

Hyaline.     Transparent  or  partially  so. 

Hypogynous.    At  the  base  of,  or  below  the  pistil. 

Icosandria.  Having  more  than  twelve  stamens  inserted 
on  the  calyx. 

Imbricate.     Overlapping 

Imparipinnate      Pinnate,  with  an  odd  terminal  leaflet. 

Incised.     Irregularly,  sharply  and  deeply  cut. 

Incrassate.    Thickened. 

Incumbent.     Lying  upon. 


APPENDIX.  Vii 

Induplicate.     With  margins  folded  inward. 
Indusium.    In  ferns,  the  scale  like  cover  of  the  fruit  spot. 
Inferior.     Lower;  below  the  corolla. 
Inftexed.     Bent  or  turned  abruptly  inward. 
Inflorescence.     The  flowering  portion  of  a  plant. 
Introrse.    Turned  inward  toward  the  axis. 
Involucre.     A  circle  or  circles  of  scales,  bracts  or  leaves, 
distinct  or  united,  surrounding  a  flower  or  flower-cluster. 
Involute.     Rolled  inward. 

Labeltum.     A  Hp,  as  in  orchids. 

Labiate.  Lipped;  having  an  irregular  calyx  or  corolla 
unequally  divided  into  two  lips. 

La-ciniate.    Cut  into  narrow  slender  teeth  or  lobes. 

Lactescent.     Yielding  milky  juice. 

Lamina.     The  blade  or  dilated  part  of  a  leaf. 

Lanceolate.    Shaped  like  a  lance-head. 

Legume.  A  1-celled  capsule  opening  by  two  valves,  as 
the  pea. 

Lenticular.     Lens,  or  lentil-shaped. 

Lignescent.     Woody;  becoming  woody. 

Ligule.  A  tongue  or  strap-shaped  body,  as  the  corolla  of 
ray-flowers  in  Composite. 

Lobate.     Divided  into  lobes. 

Loculicidal.  Dehiscence  of  the  cells  of  a  capsule  through 
the  dorsal  suture. 

Lomentum.  Loment.  A  legume  jointed,  and  usually  con- 
stricted between  the  seeds. 

Macro.    Large  or  long. 
Marcescent.    Withering  and  persistent. 
Marginate.     Furnished  with  a  border. 
Membranaceous.     Thin  and  translucent. 
Mericarp.     Division  of  schizocarp. 
-merous.     In  parts. 
Micro.     Small. 

Monadelphia.  Stamens  united  by  their  filaments  into  one 
get. 


viii  APPENDIX. 

Monandria.     One  stamen. 
Moniliform.    Like  a  string  of  beads. 
Monocotyledones.    Embryo  with  one  cotyledon. 
Moncecia.    Stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers  on  the 
same  plant. 

Monogamia.    A.  syngenetic  flower  not  belonging  to  a  head. 
Monogynia.    Having  one  pistil. 
Mucro.    A  short  and  small  abrupt  tip. 
Mucronate.    Having  a  mucro. 
Mucronulate.     Diminutive  of  mucronate. 
Multifid.    Cleft  into  many  lobes  and  segments. 
Muricate.    Hough,  with  short  hard  points. 

Navicular.    Boat-shaped. 

Nectaria,  Nectary.  Organs  which  produce  a  sweet  secre- 
tion within  a  flower. 

Necessaria.  Florets  of  the  disk  male;  of  the  ray  female; 
or  hermaphrodite. 

Nervose.    Having  veins  or  ribs. 

Neutral.    Neither  male  nor  female. 

Obcompressed.    Flattened  dorsally. 

Obconic.    Like  an  inverted  cone. 

Obcordate.     Inverted  cordate. 

Obovate.    Inverted  ovate. 

Obtuse.    Blunt. 

Ochroleucous.    Yellowish  white. 

Octandria.     Eight  stamens. 

Orthospermce.    Having  the  endosperm  straight  (flat). 

Osseous.    Bony. 

Ovoid.    Egg-shaped. 

Palea,  Palet.  Chaff,  or  a  chaffy  bract;  in  grasses  the  two 
inner  bracts  of  the  flower. 

Palmate.    Compound,  with  the  leaflets  radiating. 

Panicle.    A  compound  raceme. 

Papilionaceous.  Butterfly-like.  The  peculiar  corolla  of 
the  Leguminosae. 

Papillate.    Beset  with  minute  thick  projections. 


APPENDIX.  IX 

Pappus.  The  hairs,  bristles  or  scales  crowning  the 
akenes  in  Composite. 

Parietal.    Relating  to  or  upon  the  wall  of  a  cavity. 

Paripinnate.  Evenly  pinnate;  without  the  odd  terminal 
leaflet. 

Pedicel.    The  footstalk  of  a  flower. 

Peduncle.    A  general  or  primary  flower-stalk. 

Peltate.     Shield-shaped. 

Pendulous.    Drooping,  or  hanging  nearly  inverted. 

Penicillate.    Resembling  a  brush  of  fine  hairs. 

Pentandria.     Having  five  stamens. 

Pentagynia.    Having  five  pistils. 

Perianth.  The  floral  envelopes— i.  e.t  the  calyx  and  cor- 
olla, so  far  as  present. 

Pericarp.    The  seed-vessel  or  ripened  ovary. 

Perigonium.     A  simple  floral  envelope. 

Perigynium.  The  sac-like  envelope,  or  the  bristles  or 
scales  which  in  the  Cyperaceaa  represent  the  perianth. 

Personate.  Closed,  as  in  Labiate  flowers  with  prominent 
palates. 

Petal.  One  of  the  parts  of  a  polypetalous  or  nearly  divided 
corolla. 

Petiole.    The  footstalk  of  a  leaf. 

Petaloid.    Petal-like. 

Phalanges.    Stamens  united  in  sets  by  their  filaments. 

Phanerogamce.  Plants  which  fructify  by  means  of  sta- 
mens and  pistils. 

-phyllous.    Leafy,  leaved. 

Pilose.    Hairy,  with  soft  distinct  hairs. 

Pinnce.    Primary  divisions  of  a  compoundly  pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnatifid.  Pinnately  cleft  into  opposite  nearly  equal 
segments. 

Pinnule.  A  secondary  pinna — i.  e.,  one  of  the  pinnate 
divisions  of  a  pinna. 

Pistil.  The  female  organ  of  a  phanerogam  consisting  of 
the  ovary  with  its  styles  and  stigmas. 

18 


X  APPENDIX. 

Placenta.  That  part  of  the  ovary  or  fruit  which  bears  the 
ovules  and  seeds. 

Plicate.    Folded  into  plaits  like  a  fan. 

Plumose.  Pluine-like;  having  fine  hairs  on  each  side,  like 
a  feather. 

Polyadelphia.  Having  stamens  united  by  the  filaments 
into  many  sets. 

Polyandria.     Having  many  stamens. 

Polygamia.  Having  both  hermaphrodite  and  unisexual 
flowers. 

Polygynia.     Having  many  pistils. 

Pollinia.     Concrete  masses  of  pollen. 

Pomum,  Pome.  A  fleshy  fruit  like  the  apple,  inclosing 
several  leathery  or  bony  carpels. 

Procumbent.     Lying  upon  the  ground. 

Pruinose.     Covered  with  a  minute  bloom  or  powder. 

Pseudocarp.  Fruit  including  other  organs  in  addition  to 
the  ovary. 

Puberulent.     Very  minutely  pubescent. 

Pubescent.     Covered  witli  hairs  usually  short  and  soft. 

Pungent.  Terminating  in  a  rigid  and  stout  point  or 
prickle. 

Pyrena.     '1  he  stone  of  a  drupe. 

Pyriform.    Pear-shaped. 

-quelrous.    Cornered. 
Quinate.     In  fives. 

Raceme.  A  form  of  inflorescence,  with  pedicellate  flowers 
developing  from  below  upward  upon  a  simple  prolonged 
axis. 

Rachis.    The  axis  of  a  spike,  etc. 

Radicle.    The  part  of  the  embryo  below  the  cotyledon. 

Ray.    The  marginal  flowers  in  composite. 

Receptacle,  The  more  or  less  expanded  surface  forming  a 
support  for  the  organs  of  a  flower  or  a  head  of  flowers. 

Reflexed.     Bent  abruptly  down  or  backward. 

Reniform      Kidney-shaped. 


APPENDIX.  Xl 

Replum.  The  frame-like  placenta  left  by  the  falling  away 
of  the  valves  in  Cruciferae. 

Retrorse.    Turned  back  or  downward. 

Revolute.     With  the  margin  or  apex  rolled  backward. 

Rhizome.  An  underground,  somewhat  horizontal,  root- 
ing stem. 

Ringent.  Gaping;  applied  to  labiate  flowers  with  open 
throats. 

Rostrate.     Beaked. 

Rotate.     Wheel-shaped. 

Rugose.     Wrinkled  ;  ridged. 

Runcinate.  Deeply-toothed  or  lobed,  with  the  segments 
directed  backwards. 

Saccate.     Sac-shaped. 

Samara.  An  indehis^eut,  membraneously-wiuged  fruit, 
as  in  the  ash  and  maple. 

Sagittate.     Shaped  like  an  arrow-head 

Scabrous.     Hough  to  the  touch,  with  minute  rigid  points. 

Scape.     A  naked  peduncle  rising  from  the  ground. 
.    Scapigerous.     Producing  scapes. 

Scarious.     Thin,  dry  and  membranaceous. 

Schizocarp.  An  ovary  which  divides  into  its  component 
parts,  each  part  usually  remaining  c-losed  over  its  seed. 

Secund.    One-sided. 

Septicidal  Opening  through  the  lines  of  junction  of  the 
carpels. 

Septifragal.  Breaking  away  from  the  partitions  in  de- 
hiscence. 

Serrate.  Having  teeth  directed  forward,  like  those  of  a 
saw. 

Serrulate.    Finely  serrate. 

Sessile.     Without  footstalk. 

Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 

Siliculosa.     Short  cruciferous  pod,  as  Capsella. 

Sillquosa.    Long  cruciferous  pod,  as  in  mustard. 

Sinuate.     With  a  strongly  wavy  margin. 


ill  APPENDIX. 

Sinus.  An  indentation,  either  angular  or  rounded,  separat- 
ing parts. 

Sordid.    Kusty  or  dirty-colored. 

Sorus,  Sori.    A  cluster  of  sporangia. 

Spadix.  A  spike  with  a  thickened,  fleshy  rachis,  usually 
subtended  by  a  spathe. 

Spathe.     A  sheathing  bract. 

Spvthulate.  Narrowly  attenuate  downward  from  an  ab- 
ruptly rounded  summit. 

Spicate.    Like  a  spike. 

Spike.  Resembling  a  raceme,  but  the  flowers  sessile,  or 
nearly  so. 

Spinescent.     Ending  in  a  spine  or  spiny  point. 

Spinulose.     Having  diminutive  spines. 

Sporangia.     Cases  which  contain  spores. 

Spores.  The  minute  bodies  in  cryptogams,  which  answer 
somewhat  to  the  seeds  of  other  plants. 

Squamose.     Furnished  with  scales. 

Squarrose.    Irregularly  spreading. 

Stipitate.     Borne  upon  a  stipe. 

Stipule.    An  appendage  to  the  base  of  a  petiole. 

Stamen.  The  male  organ  of  flowering  plants,  consisting 
of  an  anther  borne  usually  upon  a  filament  and  containing 
the  pollen. 

Staminodia.     A  sterile  or  undeveloped  stamen. 

Strobilaceous.  Inflorescence  formed  of  imbricated  scales, 
as  in  the  Coniferae. 

Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 

Suffrutescent.     Slightly  shrubby;  woody  at  base. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  or  furrowed. 

Suture.     A  line  of  union. 

Syiiandrce.     Having  united  anthers. 

Syncarpous.     Having  united  carpidia. 

Syngenesia.     United  anthers. 

Tendril.     A  thread-like  production  in  climbers. 
Terete.     Cylindrical,  or  nearly  so. 
Ttrnate.     In  threes. 


APPENDIX.  xiii 

Testa.    The  outer  seed-coat. 

Tetr adynamia.  Having  four  long  and  two  short  stamens; 
Cruciferse. 

Tetragynia.    Having  four  pistils. 

Tetrandria.     Having  four  anthers. 

Thalamus.     End  of  peduncle. 

Thallus.  A  cellular  expansion  taking  the  place  of  stem 
and  foliage. 

Thyrse.     A  contracted  or  close  ovate  cyme. 

Tomentose.     Pubescent,  with  matted  wool. 

Triandria.     Having  three  stamens. 

Trlgynia.     Having  three  pistils. 

Triquetrous.  Triangular,  with  the  sides  concave  or  chan- 
neled. 

Truncate.    Ending  abruptly  as  if  cut  off  transversely. 

Tumid.     Swelled. 

Turbinate.    Top-shaped. 

Turgid.     Inflated. 

Umbel.  An  umbrella-shaped  inflorescence,  the  pedicels 
radiating  from  the  summit  of  the  common  peduncle. 

Umbilicate.     Pitted  in  the  centre. 

Uncinate,     Hooked  at  the  extremity. 

Undulate.     Wavy. 

Unguiculate.     Narrowed  below  into  a  claw. 

Urceolate.  Cylindrical  or  ovoid,  but  contracted  at  or 
below  the  open  orifice. 

Utricle.    A  small,  bladdery,  usually  1-seeded,  pericarp. 

Vallecula.  Groove  between  the  ribs  of  umbelliferous 
fruits. 

Valvate.    Opening  by  valves. 

Ventral.  Belonging  to  the  anterior  or  inner  face  of  a  car- 
pel; the  opposite  of  dorsal. 

Ventricose.    Swelling  unequally  or  on  one  side. 

Versatile.     Swinging;  turning  freely  on  its  support. 

Verticillate.    Arranged  in  whorls. 


Xiv  APPENDIX. 

Vexillum.  The  large  upper  petal  of  a  papilionaceous 
flower. 

Villous,  Bearing  long  and  soft  straight,  or  straightish, 
hairs. 

Virgate.    Slender,  straight  and  erect. 

Vittce.  The  longitudinal  oil-tubes  in  the  pericarp  of 
most  umbelliferse. 

Whorl.  An  arrangement  of  leaves,  flowers,  etc.,  around 
the  stem. 


ERRATA. 


Page  106.    After  generic  description  of  Kigiopappus  read 

"R.  leptocladus. — Niles.    Spring." 
Page  163.    For  "  Gillia  "  read  "  Gilia." 
Page  163.    For  "androscaea"  read  "androsacea." 
Page  171.    6th  line  from  bottom,  for  "decuscate"  read 

"decussate." 

Page  172.     9th  line  from  bottom,  for  "L"  read  "S." 
Page  215.     7th  line  from  top,   after   "]?."   insert   "  — 

Niles.     Summer." 

Page  262.     10th  line  from  bottom,  omit  comma  between 

"late"  and  "dehiscent." 

Page  275.     12th  line  from  top,  for  "7  "  read  "5." 
Page  283.    4th  line  from   top,  for   "  Calif ornicus  "  read 

"  Calif  ornicum." 

Page  299.     llth  line  from  top,  after  "not  "  insert  "at." 
Page  311.     1st  line,  for  ' '  tenela  "  read  ' '  tenella. " 
Page  330.    For  ' '  Pillularia  ' '  read  ' '  Pilularia. " 


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